loo METHODS OF TREATMENT 



the rotation. The amount to be cut annually will then be the 

 total area divided by this rotation. It is, however, very seldom 

 the woodman will now be called on to manage a simple cop- 

 pice, he is more likely to have to convert existing coppices 

 into high forest. In any case new coppices should not be 

 formed unless the future market for the produce is assured. 



Coppice-witJi-standards System . 



This system is the one most commonly found in the 

 Midlands and South of England. The overwood consists of 

 seedling trees of oak, ash, larch, birch, or any other species 

 which only throw a light shade ; and the underwood of hazel, 

 ash, sycamore, sweet chestnut, oak and beech, or any other 

 broad-leaved species which will bear the shade thrown by the 

 overwood. The rotation of the coppice is fixed at the age at 

 which the produce is most easily saleable, and the total area 

 divided by the rotation gives the area to be cut annually. 



Each year the coppice on this area is clean cut. Then the 

 standards are thinned, taking out all mature trees and those 

 which are diseased or very badly shaped. The number of 

 standards to be left depends upon the size and age of the 

 existing trees. In the Highmeadow woods, where the rotation 

 is 35 years, the normal number of standards to be left per 

 acre after each cut is as follows : 



Aged 35 years 40 



70 = 20 



105 = 10 



= 5 



Where trees of the larger sizes are not to be found, a greater 

 number of the younger classes are left standing. In most 

 woods the standards are left equally distributed over the area, 



