bO ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 



White Willow. It is .quick-growing, rather long-lived in most' 

 situations, makes good summer fuel and renews itself very rap- 

 idly from the stump. The Green Ash would probably rank next 



Figure 3. A young White Willow windbreak on dry prairie at Coteau 

 Farm. Grown entirely by mulching after being well started. 



as a pioneer tree. The White Elm is also very valuable for 

 this purpose, but generally should follow the White Willow. 

 The Cottonwood may sometimes, though very seldom, be the 

 best to use, but on average prairie land it would be better if 

 the White Willow or Green Ash were always planted instead. 



After a good windbreak has been secured it is safe to plant 

 out the hardy coniferous evergreens and such trees as the 

 Mountain Ash, European White Birch and other similar orna- 

 mental trees. Wind protection is beneficial to all trees and 

 necessary for many of our best ornamental kinds and often 

 makes the difference between success and failure in growing 

 them. 



Distance Apart. In the planting of groves we should aim 

 to get the land shaded by the trees as soon as practicable, and to 

 keep it covered with a canopy of leaves. The United States 

 government recommended the planting of trees four feet apart 

 each way, with the idea that when so planted they would quickly 

 shade the ground and consequently keep out grass and retard 

 evaporation. Some successful plantings have been made on 

 this plan, but when planted so closely together the branches 

 grow into the rows after a few years and cultivation must be 

 discontinued. In this section, where we have so much very 



