FORKST AND PASTURE. 



123 



in the ground near them, and occasionally over a considerable 

 acreage the cattle and deer may be fenced out until the trees are 

 so large that they will not injure them. Under some conditions 

 the eating off of the leaves from the sides of the trunk of sap- 

 lings would prove a desirable pruning. It is very certain that 

 while forests and pastures cannot often be very well combined 

 together, yet it is possible to combine them under some condi- 

 tions. It is quite common to see the new growth of spruce 

 and fir in European forests protected from the browsing of deer 

 by covering the tips of the young shoots with a little coal tar 



Figure 32. Sand dune near Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey. 



or common cotton batting. The cotton batting seems to be 

 very disagreeable to the deer, and to afford about as good pro- 

 tection as the coal tar. It is, however, rather more difficult to 

 put on. 



Sand Dunes. In a few places in this state, and in various 

 parts of this country, notably along portions of the seashore and 

 along the shores of the Great Lakes, there are quite considera- 

 ble sand dunes. By this is meant the drifting sands which are 

 easily blown about after the vegetation which has held them in 



