5 i2 NOTES OF A BOTANIST 



Maynas the c is used almost to the exclusion of the g; thus 

 "yiirag," white, and "pftag," who, are pronounced respectively 

 " yurac " and " pitac " in Maynas. 



"Tunguragua" seems to come from "tungiiri," the ankle-joint, 

 which is a prominence certainly, though scarcely more like the 

 right-angled cone of Tunguragua than the obtuse-angled cone of 

 Cotopaxi is like a wen ("coto " or "cutu"). 



Of the termination "agua" (pron. "awa") I can give no 

 explanation. 



"Cungiiri," in Quichua, is the knee; thus an Indian would say 

 " Tunguri-manta cunguli-cama llustirishcani urmashpa," i.e. "In 

 falling ('urmdshpa') I have scrubbed off the skin from the ankle 

 to the knee." 



Among rustics of mixed race, whose language partakes almost 

 as much of Quichua as of Spanish, it is common to hear such 

 expressions as " De tunguri a cunguri es una cola llaga."- "From 

 the ankle to the knee is a continuous sore." 



The following words occur repeatedly on the map : 



"Ashpa" (in Maynas "Allpa"), earth. " Urcu," mountain. 

 " Rumi," stone. " Cocha (cucha)," lake. 



"Yacu," river. "Ucsha," grass or grassy "place ("Pajonal," 

 Sp.). " P6ngo (pungu)," door or narrow entrance. 



"Ciichu," corner. "U'ma,"head. " Paccha," cataract. 



"Curi," gold. "Ciilqui," silver. "Alqufmia," copper. 

 "Ushpa," ashes. 



"Chiri," cold. "Yunga,'' warm, from which the Spaniards 

 have formed the diminutive " Yungiiilla," warmish, applied to 

 many sites where the sugar-cane begins to flourish. 



"Yiirag," white. "Yana," black. "Puca," red. "Quilla," 

 yellow. 



"I'shcai," two; ex. " I'shcai-guauqui," the Two Brothers, a 

 cloven peak to the east of Los Mulatos. "Chunga," ten; ex. 

 "Chunga-uma," a peak with ten points, a little to south of "Ishcai- 

 guauqui." "Parca," double; thus a hill which seems made up of 

 two hills united is called "Parca-urcu." 



" An gas," a hawk. " Ambatu," a kind of toad. 



" Sacha," forest. "Caspi," tree. "Yiiras," herb. "Qui'nua," 

 the "Chenopodium Quinoa," cultivated for its edible seed. 

 "Puji'n," hawthorn (various species of Crat?egus) ; thus "Montana 

 de Pujines,'' Hawthorn Forest; " Cerro Pujin el chico," Little 

 Hawthorn-hill. "Cubiliin," a sort of Lupine, found only on the 

 highest paramos. It gives its name to a long ridge of the Eastern. 

 Cordillera, mostly covered with snow, extending from Condorasto 

 and El Altar towards Sangay. "Totorra," a large bulrush from 

 which mats are made; hence "Totorral," a marsh full of bul- 

 rushes. "Sara,"' maize. 



" T6po " is the name given in Maynas to the Raft-wood trees, 



