84 THE OAR 



to the branches, petioles, and leaf-venation always in 

 the wood and is finally distributed to the mesophyll 

 cells, which absorb it and evaporate the greater part of 

 the water into the intercellular passages communicating 

 with the outer air through the stomata. 



Two points need notice here. The first is that this 

 absorption and evaporation in the mesophyll constitute 

 a cause of the upward movement of the water in the 

 vascular bundles a movement which is propagated 

 through the whole stem until it makes itself effective 

 even in the roots, The exact mechanism of the move- 

 ment in the stem itself is too complex for discussion 

 here ; but I may sum up the matter by saying that the 

 disappearance of the water at the surfaces of the leaves 

 starts a series of flows in directions of least resistance 

 towards the mesophyll, and as long as the evaporation 

 goes on more water flows into the cells, to replace that 

 lost, from tire vessels of the stem, when the water- 

 columns are supported and moved partly by capillarity 

 and by the air bubbles in the cavities, and partly by a 

 peculiar co-operation of the living cells of the medullary 

 rays. The second point referred to above is that the 

 evaporation from the mesophyll cells will be the more 

 rapid in proportion as the air outside is drier and the 

 stomata wide open; and the more energetic this 

 evaporation is, the more salts the mesophyll cells will 

 acquire in a given time, because, of course, the salts do 

 not pass away in the evaporated water but are left in 

 the cells. It has been calculated that an oak-tree may 



