Professor Cole's Address 243 



waste-material go to? The delta in the lake may 

 show us ; and we are led on to talk of stratification, 

 and the sifting out of mud from sand in regions of 

 deposition. The whole valley is seen to be related 

 to the stream in its floor. The more violent action, 

 due to greater rainfall, near its head may produce 

 steeper features in that region, and may carve out 

 pinnacles and crags. 



Then, if we allow some of the river-water to settle, 

 then decant and filter, and finally evaporate, we note 

 the matter carried invisibly in solution. 



If we are in a limestone country, the characteristic 

 forms produced on the surface-rocks by solution may 

 be seen. What becomes of this material? This leads 

 to all the interesting questions of shell-banks and 

 foraminifera and calcareous sea-weeds, such as may 

 be collected on almost any shore. The great bedded 

 marine limestones may thus be explained. 



But how are they now high and dry above-ground? 

 Point to uptilted strata, and show how in all times 

 the solid crust has heaved and stirred, here rising, 

 here becoming depressed beneath the sea. Thus the 

 fossils in loose sand on our east coast are obviously 

 of comparatively recent origin. 



Modern " raised beaches " may be pointed out ; or 

 modern evidence of submergence, as seen in the fjords 

 and long sea inlets of our western shores. 



These earth-movements, if long continued, give us 

 mountain-ranges, in the cores of which granite wells 

 up. We thus come to discuss the molten origin of 

 granite, and the evidence furnished by its crystalline 

 character and structure. 



And so on everywhere connecting the obvious 



