June, 1S14. 



American IBee Journal 



S^pocfft/m{ 



Fin 



-Ventral view of a worker-bee, showint; location of groups 

 of alfactory organs as indicated by the numbers. 



Fig. 2 



-Dorsal view of a worker-bee. showing location of groups 

 of olfactory organs as indicated by th e numbers. 



and this work is still being continued. 

 This extract is taken from an 80-page 

 paper which deals with the first two 

 enumerated questions. Of the 2-4 fig- 

 ures given in this paper only 5 will be 

 reproduced here. 



Duges, in 1838, was the first actually 

 to try to prove that the olfactory or- 

 gans lie in the antenna:. He cut off 

 the antenna: of two male moths and 

 then these insects were unable to find 

 a female that they had previously been 

 able to locate while their antenna: were 

 uninjured. He also cut off the an- 

 tennie of many blow-fiies, and then 

 these flies were unable to find putrid 

 meat as before. Dugos, like the later 

 observers, failed to study sufficiently 

 the behavior of his mutilated insects 

 so that it could be compared with the 

 behavior of unmutilated ones. The in- 

 sects with amputated antennx- used by 

 him certainly did not live long, and it 

 is not reasonable to suppose that an 

 animal, however low or high it may be, 

 would go courting or hunt food when 

 it has lost two appendages as impor- 

 tant as the antenna-. 



Since 18:i8, many observers have 



tried to prove experimentally that the 

 organs of smell in all insects are 

 located in the antenna'. Not until 

 1880 were scientists convinced that the 

 olfactory organs really lie in these ap- 

 pendages. At this date appeared Hau- 

 ser's large and comprehensive paper 

 which seemingly settled all doubts on 

 this subject. When we critically ex- 

 amine this paper, however, it is easily 

 seen that his results are not infallible. 

 Hauser studied the behavior of various 

 insects before and after the removal of 

 the antennae. When these appendages 

 were cut off many individuals soon 

 became sick and died, although some 

 of them lived thereafter for many days. 

 In insects with the antenn;c dipped 

 into melted paraffin, the behavior was 

 similar to that of those with the an- 

 tenna- amputated. 



After performing many experiments 

 with a certain genus of beetles, he con- 

 cluded that these insects lose the olfac- 

 tory sense by the removal of the an- 

 tenn;e. Experiments with several other 

 genera of insects gave the same results, 

 but other beetles belonging to three 

 genera gave less satisfactory results. 



These never completely failed to re- 

 spond to strong-smelling substances. 

 Experiments with Hemiptera (bugs) 

 gave a still less favorable result. After 

 the loss of the antenna: these insects 

 reacted to odors almost as well as they 

 did before their antenn.-e were ampu- 

 tated. 



The following results were obtained 

 by the writer. To study the behavior 

 of bees and to test them with odors 

 under conditions which permitted of 

 their close observation, triangular cases 

 were used. These were made of three 

 narrow wooden strips, two of which 

 were 10 and the third inches long, 

 each strip being half an inch thick. 

 Cheesecloth served as a bottom and 

 glass as a top for each case. Nine mid- 

 dle-aged workers, a queen, now and 

 then one or more drones, a lump of 

 candy, a small piece of comb, and a 

 piece of cotton wet with water were 

 put into each case. Thus confined, 

 workers live on an average of days 

 and 3 hours, queens l(l>i days, and 

 drones 3 days and l> hours. The fol- 

 lowing sources of odors were used : 

 Essential oils of peppermint, thyme 



