ROTATION OF CROUP AND SHOULDERS, iii 



remains stationary and serves as a pivot, which I have found 

 to be a mistake. During breaking, none of the parts of the 

 horse should be stationary, because immobihty often degener- 

 ates into a means of defence. Therefore, instead of making 

 the horse pivot, I tr}- to make him describe a very small circle 

 with the forehand round the centre, and a large concentric 

 circle round it with the hind quarters. 



Of course, I do not pass abruptly from lateral effects to 

 direct effects, or from direct effects to diagonal effects. On 

 the contrary, I go imperceptibly from one to the other, so that 

 the horse may well understand what I want him to do, and 

 that he may not evince any surprise or confusion. The 

 employment of lateral effects has been a preparatory step 

 towards the execution of the movement by direct effects. 

 In the same way, direct effects are only a preparatory 

 measure for diagonal effects. 



This work would be of no use if its only object was to 

 make the horse give way to the whip. Its great end is, with- 

 out frightening the horse, to prepare him to obey the legs at 

 first, and the spurs subsequently and by degrees. 



We now come to mounted work, which I do by again 

 passing from lateral effects to direct effects, and from direct 

 effects to diagonal effects, as during work on foot. 



If, when in the middle of the school, I wish to obtain the 

 rotation of the croup {reversed pirouette^ from the left to the 

 right, I bring my left heel close to the animal's side. As a 

 green horse does not know what I wish him to do, his first 

 movement will be to lean against my leg, at which movement 

 the good effect of the preceding work will come to my aid. 

 I touch him lightly with my whip on the left side, as near as 

 possible to my heel, and I avoid above all things touching him 

 too far back, which would be almost certain to make him 

 kick. At the same time I use the left snaffle rein to make 

 him carry his croup to the right. I can assure my readers 



