POLITICAL HISTORY 



town, who under the command of Colonel Fairfax drove Montrose back to 

 Newcastle.''"^ By the beginning of June the Royalists were masters of the 

 county of Durham/" and Leven and Fairfax arranged to send a thousand 

 horse into the bishopric to oppose Montrose. ^^' The arrival in July of Lord 

 Callendar with a second Scotch army put an end to the Royalist dominion. 

 Crossing the Tyne at Newburn the Scots marched first to Sunderland and 

 then to Hartlepool. On 24 July Hartlepool and Stockton surrendered 

 without fighting, and were garrisoned. Callendar now proceeded north to 

 Newcastle, the last royal stronghold left in the north. On the 27th his 

 advance guard was repulsed on the hill outside Gateshead, but the next 

 day Callendar with the niain body ' fiercelie facing the enemy beat them 

 from the hill, chased them downe the Gatesyde, and husling them along the 

 bridge, closed them within the towne.' With the capture of Gateshead the 

 war was over as far as Durham was concerned."* Occasional Royalist risings 

 occurred. In 1645 Raby Castle was captured, and held for a short time,"^ 

 and in 1648 there were further outbreaks, but the bishopric was too strongly 

 held to allow anything more than a temporary success."* 



Until February, i 647, the Scotch army was quartered on the county of 

 Durham, and loud were the complaints at their exactions from ' this poor 

 ruinated county,' as Sir George Vane writes to his father in November, 1644. 

 The Parliamentarians were much exasperated by Leven raising his contribu- 

 tions on the basis of a valuation made by the marquis of Newcastle, under 

 which, needless to say, the king's opponents, and the owner of Raby in par- 

 ticular, had to pay heavily."" 



Another matter which caused great inconvenience was dislocation of 

 all judicial business owing to there being no chancellor of the Palatinate. In 

 October, 1644, ^" application was made for redress, on which is endorsed 

 ' whether not fit to dissolve County Palatine.'"* The difficulty was overcome 

 by ordering the judges of the northern circuit to sit at Durham, but in 1654 

 the high sheriff complained that there had been but one assize in the last 

 four years."' 



In 1653 the inhabitants of the county of Durham petitioned Cromwell 

 that they might in future be represented in Parliament, which privilege they 

 had not hitherto enjoyed, owing, they said, to their bishops,"" and in June, 

 1654, writs were issued for Durham to return one member for the city and 

 two for the county.^ 



231 



"' Parliament voted the seamen j^2O0 for their 'affection and fidelity.' Ibid. 177. 



'" Cal. S.P. Dam. 1644, p. 197. >» Ibid. p. 242. 



"' The account of the campaign of 1 644 is based on Professor Terry's articles in Jni. JeTiana, xxi, 

 146—80, where a series of letters from the Scotch head quarters are printed. 



*" Kingdom's Weekly Intelligencer of i and 14 July, 1645 ; Burney Newspapers (Brit. Mus.), No. 21 ; also 

 Weekly Account of 7 and 22 July, and True Informer of 28 July, 1645. 



"^ Mercurius Pragmaticus of 16 May, 1648 ; Burney Newspapers (Brit. Mus.), No. 30 ; CaL S.P. Dom. 

 1648-9, p. 168. 



"' Raby Castle, the property of the Vanes, after being three times seized by the Royalists, was occupied 

 by the Scots ; Cal S.P. Dom. 1644-5, P- '^2. 

 Ibid. p. 47. 

 Ibid. 1654, pp. 63, 204. 



"" Several Proceedings, 4 May, 1653 ; Burney Newspapers (Brit. Mus.), No. 44. 



"' Ibid. 2 June, 1654 ; Burney Newspapers, No. 47. A single member for the county was returned 

 in 1653 ; see ^ List of the Knights and Burgesses who have represented the County and City of Durham in Parlia- 

 ment (pub. Sunderland, 1831), 13. Soon after Henry VIII had abridged the Palatinate privileges an attempt 

 was made to obtain representation in the House of Commons. In 1563 a Bill was read in Parliament for the 



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