A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK 



extensively buried up by the succeeding glacial deposits, which form a 

 mantle over by far the greater part of the county. The chalky Boulder 

 Clay occupies much of western and central Suffolk, and the lighter 

 Glacial sands and gravels much of the eastern part. To them the 

 agricultural characters of the land and its scenery are principally due : 

 the strong loam of the Boulder Clay forming arable tracts, and the sands 

 and gravels, together with the Crag series, giving rise to those pleasant, 

 gorse-covered commons which form a marked feature in eastern Suffolk, 



Later deposits belonging to old valleys, but some of high antiquity, 

 have attained renown, notably at Hoxne and Brandon, as repositories of 

 the flint implements of Paleolithic man ; while the more recent accu- 

 mulations — marine, estuarine and freshwater — occupy lower levels in the 

 valleys and fringe the coasts. 



The chief industries connected with geology are lime-burning and 

 brick-making. The old gun-flint manufactory at Brandon is practically 

 extinct, while the ' coprolite diggings ' have been abandoned owing to 

 the introduction of foreign phosphates. 



Although the geological structure of the county has been spoken of 

 as simple, the particular relations of many of the sub-divisions in the 

 Pliocene and newer strata have formed the subject of much controversy, 

 and mainly on this account the literature is voluminous. 



For some of the earlier records relating to the county we are 

 indebted to the Rev. William Branwhite Clarke,' who was born at East 

 Bergholt, and who ultimately became the ' Father of Australian Geo- 

 logy.' To Searles Valentine Wood of Hasketon and Martlesham, and 

 to his son S. V. Wood, junior ; to Edward Charlesworth, Sir Joseph 

 Prestwich, John Ellor Taylor, Professor E. Ray Lankester, Mr. William 

 Whitaker, Mr. E. T. Newton, Mr. Clement Reid and Mr. F. W. 

 Harmer we are especially indebted for our knowledge of the Tertiary 

 and newer strata and their organic remains.^ To Mr. A. J. Jukes- 

 Browne and Mr. William Hill we owe our special knowledge of the 

 Chalk. To the publications of the Geological Survey we are likewise 

 indebted, and frequent reference is made to the Memoirs issued by that 

 institution. 



The strata or formations known in Suffolk may be grouped as 

 follows, the names in italics referring to those not exposed at the sur- 

 face. 



' ' On the Geological Structure and Phzenomena of tlie County of Suffolk,' Trans. Geo!. Soe. sec. l, 

 V. 359. 



* For bibliography see list in Whitaker's 'Geology of the Country around Ipswich, Hadleigh 

 and Felixstow,' Geol. Survey (1885), p. 134 ; with addenda in 'Geology of Parts of Cambridgeshire 

 and Suffolk,' Geol. Survey (1891), p. i 21. See also ' Sketch of the Geology of Suffolk,' by J. E.Taylor, 

 reprinted from the fourth edition of White's History, etc., of the county (1884.). 



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