A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK 



Huxley's statement. That celebrated writer says, 'In Crangon none of the maxillipedes bear gills,' 

 but in the very next paragraph adds, 'I can find only one arthrobranchia on the ninth somite.' 

 This ninth somite is that which carries the third maxillipeds. The respiratory arrangements of 

 the Podophthalma admit the theoretical possibility of four pairs of branchiae to each of the three 

 pairs of maxillipeds and the five succeeding pairs of limbs. These breathing-organs are distinguished 

 as podobranchiae when attached to the first joint of the appendage, as front and hind arthrobranchiae 

 when on the connecting membrane between the limb and side-plate, and as pleurobranchiae when 

 attached to the side-plate itself. The full number is never found, and, owing to the crowding to- 

 gether and easily detachable nature of these organs, they are often miscounted by the careless or 

 unwary. There are sometimes extraordinary differences between forms in many respects nearly 

 related. Thus Panda/us montagui agrees with P. brevirostris in having five pairs of pleurobranchiae 

 and one pair of podobranchiae ; but it has six pairs of arthrobranchiae, of which the latter species has 



on 



ly two, 



10 



In the Hippolytidae it is now acknowledged that Virbius fasciger is synonymous with Hippclyte 

 variam. Leach. It was only distinguishable from it, as Metzger observes," by the transverse dorsal 

 tufts of plumose setae, which readily fall off. These more probably mark some stage of the in- 

 dividual life than any specific or even varietal difference. Hippolyte pusiola, Krfiyer, has now been 

 transferred to the very extensive genus Spirontocaris, Bate, in which the mandibles have a palp, and 

 the second pair of legs have the wrist seven-jointed, whereas in Hippolyte this wrist is three-jointed 

 and the mandibles are without palp. 



In regard to the type species of Leach's genus Pandalus it is interesting to compare that 

 author's own statements. In the article * Crustaceology ' of the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, after 

 defining the genus, he writes : — ' Sp. i Montagui. Rostrum turning upwards, with many teeth above, 

 and the apex emarginate, with six teeth beneath ; antennae ringed with white and red alternately. 

 Pandalus Montagui, Leach, Malacos. Brit. Pandalus, Tab. A, named in honour of its first discoverer, 

 Montagu, by whom it was called Jstacus maculatus. The Rev. J. Fleming took this species in 

 Zetland, whose successful labours in that country speak more than we can do in words.' " 



But in the Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britanniae^^ Leach gives the name as Pandalus 

 annulicornis, and writes: — 'This highly interesting species was discovered in Zetland, and in 

 St. Andrew's Bay, Scotland, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, who most kindly gave me the specimens I 

 originally described in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. It was observed also by Montagu, who found 

 it on the coast of Devon ; and by Mrs. D. Turner it was noticed at Yarmouth, and pointed out to 

 Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby as distinct from the common prawn. It is used at Yarmouth as an article 

 of food, and is at that place so much esteemed for the" table as to afford constant employment during 

 the summer season to several fishermen, who take it in abundance at a considerable distance from 

 the shore, and name it from that circumstance the sea-shrimp.' 



By the common prawn is no doubt intended Leander serratus (Pennant), an early record of 

 which in Suffolk may therefore be credited to the acute observation of Mrs. Dawson Turner. Why 

 Leach discarded the name maculatus given by Montagu, and the name montagui given by himself, 

 to the first species of Pandalus, must be left to conjecture. Possibly maculatus was thought inappro- 

 priate, and annulicornis especially appropriate, but according to modern ideas the name montagui 

 found with the earliest description of the species must prevail. Leach described the first pair of feet 

 as adactylus or fingerless, meaning that they had a simple stiliform ending. In 1899 Dr. Caiman 

 pointed out that they are in fact microscopically chelate, and at the same time instituted a new 

 genus Pandalina for Rathke's P. brevirostris. This is distinguished from the preceding species by a 

 much shorter rostrum, by a much less subdivided wrist of the second legs, as well as by the branchial 

 formula above described. When the British Association met at Ipswich in 1895, during an excur- 

 sion, Pandalus montagui was taken abundantly in the River Stour. What diminution in the 

 salinity of the water this ' sea-shrimp ' can put up with does not appear to have been ascertained. 

 Palaemonetes varians (Leach) makes itself at home in water that is quite fresh, as well as in the sea. 

 It was originally placed in the genus Palaemon by Leach, who speaks of it as ' common at Yar- 

 mouth,' " and ' very common on the Devonshire, Glamorgan, and Norfolk coasts, where it is taken 

 as an article of food.' ^^ It is distinguished, by having no palp to the mandibles, from Palaemon and 

 Leander, in which there is a three-jointed mandibular palp. 



The Schizopoda, called cleft-footed because the legs have two branches, are here represented 

 according to Metzger by Mysis inermis (Rathke) and Gastrosaccus sanctus, van Beneden, both taken 

 at 16 fathoms depth south-east of Yarmouth.'^ The family Mysidae, to which these belong, is 

 remarkable as having no proper branchiae. M. inermis is often referred to White's g&nvis Macromysis, 



'" Caiman, Jnn. Nat. Hist. (1899), Ser. 7, iii, 30, 37. " Nordseefahrt Pomm. 305. 



" Op. cit. (1814), vii, 432. " Op. cit. (i Mar. 1815), text to pi. xl. 



" Edinb. Encycl. vii. 4.32. " Malac. Pod. Brit, (i May 1816), text to pi. xliii, figs. 14-16. 

 " Nordseefahrl Pomm. 288, 289. 



156 



