the young insects within the sack. The young 

 hatch out in this sack, and make their way out 

 into the world through a rent in the soft and 

 tender underside of the sack. 



The female, after finding her home and dur- 

 ing maturity, does not move, although she does 

 not lose her legs, but clings tenaciously with 

 her feet to her support, leaving the body tipped 

 up in the rear and the cottony mass movable in 

 any direction. The male insect was only found 

 during a period of about two weeks from Sept. 



On the Twigf. 



grown and with the young hatched out and 

 crawling in the same sack. In 1881 they rap- 

 idly increased from about the first of August, 

 and were continually appearing, and still hatch- 

 ing out in December. 



Every female, it is estimated, produces from 

 200 to 500 young. The young will mature and 

 produce a new brood in about three months. 

 Where this scale infests deciduous trees it 

 may be readily destroyed by the application 

 now found to be successful in treating the Aspi- 



Larvee. 



BLACK SCALE -Lecanium Oleee. 



25tb. This was the observation of 1881, when 

 I found them in great numbers. I have failed 

 to find the male insect this season. It has a 

 long red body, six legs and one pair of very long, 

 dark and transparent wings, prominent eyes and 

 antenme very long and covered with hairs, ar- 

 ranged very much as the feathers of a peacock. 

 The antennae are 16 or 17 jointed. The 

 winged male is easily seen and easily caught, as 

 it moves slowly about, and is not readily dis- 

 turbed so as to fly away. The female insect 

 lives upon the trunk of the tree and large 



diotus Perniciosus, and detailed further on in 

 this report. 



Where, however, evergreens are involved it 

 is a far more serious problem. The best treat- 

 ment for the Icerya, so far found, is that used 

 I by Mr. Cooper, of a strong and hot infusion of 

 j tobacco, applied by spray as near as may be at 

 ! 130. 



Aspidiotus Perniciosus. 



By far the most injurious scale pest infesting 

 j our orchard trees and fruit is the new species of 

 ! Aspidiotus, which, so far as known, originated 



TBCE OYSTER SHELL BARK LOUSE Aspidiotus Conchiformis. 



limbs and down to the smallest twigs, 

 around which it may be seen clinging in clus- 

 ters sufficiently great to completely hide the 

 branch; aleo upon the leaf, along the stem and 

 ribs of which it is fixed, both above and below, 

 although more abundant on the underside of the 

 leaf. 



There are three broods of this insect in the 

 season ; the first appearing in May, the second 

 in August and the third in October, or about 

 three months apart. I have just observed, Oc- 

 tober 15tb, the mature female with eggs fully 



in San Jose, and for some years was confined to 

 this locality. It has been known as the San 

 Jose small, round, black scale and named by 

 Prof, foinstock Aspidiotus perniciosus. The 

 spread of this scale over the State has been 

 gradually taking place, until now it can be 

 found in a number of the fruit-growing counties, 

 notably San Joaquin, El Dorado, Nevada, 

 Placer, Sacramento, Yolo, Solano, Sonoma, Ala- 

 meda, Santa Cruz, San Benito and others, and 

 I am told even in Humboldt in the north and in 

 the southern counties. This scale produces ter- 



