can be kept free from the Aspidiotus perniciosus 

 by the right use of concentrated lye as a winter 

 wash, and the whale oil soap and sulphur mix- 

 ture for summer. 



In the following experiments the trees were 

 all badly infested with scale: 



8. Concentrated lye, one and one-half IBs; wa- 

 ter one gallon. June 24, 1881 Applied to two 

 Clairgeau pear trees; brush used in order to 

 save foliage; many limbs dead from effects of 

 scale. Jane 27 Trees burned considerably; 

 scale killed where reached. July 2d Much of 

 the bark showing a healthier appearance. July 

 23d Trees still better. August 2d No sign of 

 scale; green layer of bark being restored very 

 rapidly; the fruit quite clean, because no scales 

 of second brood were upon it. April 25, 1882 

 Examined the trees, and found a very healthy 

 top. and with new bark where burned with the 

 lye when washed in the summer. All the sur- 

 face was not touched by the lye, and where not 

 washed the scales still existed. Wherever the 

 bark was washed, owing to the time that it was 

 done, it was cracked across. Yet underneath 

 this cracked surface was found new and healthy 

 bark. October 14, 1882 There has been a 

 good growth of new wood this season, and the 

 under bark has maintained its fresh and healthy 

 appearance over entire tree. 



9. Concentrated lye, one and a half K3. ; wa- 

 ter, one gallon. June 24, 1881 Applied on a 

 portion of tree to ascertain the effect upon the 

 stain of bark. July 23i The bark where 

 washed shows much less stain; lighter in color, 

 and the green layer being restored. August 

 2d Stain rapidly disappearing. 



10. Concentrated lye, one fib. ; water, one gal- 

 lon. July 5, 1881 Mixed accurately, and ap- 

 plied same day upon pear tree. July 23d 

 Scale where reached entirely destroyed; bark 

 burned by the lye, but otherwise healthy and 

 good where it was previously sound. April 25, 

 1882, and October 14, 1882 Observations 

 nearly the same as in the preceding number, 

 the bark under the cracked outer layer being 

 all renewed, and with a bright, healthy, green 

 layer free from stain; free growth of new wood 

 during the season. 



11. Concentrated lye, one pound; water, one 

 and one-half gallons. Tree washed same time 

 as above and with about the same results, al- 

 though an unthrifty tree. October 14, 1882 

 The tree had been pretty well destroyed by the 

 scale last year, and shows but a little growth 

 of new wood. 



12. Concentrated lye, one lb.; water, two 

 gallons. Same as above, except that the tree 

 was still more thoroughly ruined by scale, and 

 at this date has not recovered ^but little new 

 wood; what there is, however, being healthy. 



13. Concentrated lye, one lt>:; water, three 

 gallons. This tree had been washed by spray- 

 ing April 1, 1881, with this strength of lye, 

 which proved too weak to destroy the scale. 

 July 23, 1881 Young scale insects covered the 

 tree; the tree was left to itself with that wash- 

 ing. April 25, 1882 Observed that the scale 

 was abundant and fast accomplishing the de- 

 struction of the tree. October, 14, 1882 The 

 tree is dead to within one foot of the ground, 

 but from the collar many new sprouts have 

 grown. 



No. 14. Concentrated lye, 1 lb; water, 5 gals. 



June 23, 1881 Applied to two trees, one 

 slightly and the other badly infested with scale. 

 This wash was used by pouring it upon the 

 trunk of the trees and allowing it to run down 

 and soak into the ground; the tops of the trees 

 were not touched. This experiment was made, 

 as it had been publicly stated that this weak 

 lye used in this manner was an effectual rem- 

 edy. July 2, 1881 No effect produced upon 

 the scale where not reached by the lye. 

 August 2, 1881 No effect other than no- 

 ticed above; scale only injured where touched 

 by the lye, and second brood of young scale in- 

 sects crawling all over the top of the trees. 

 April 25, 1882 Trunk quite clean and 

 healthy, but the top full of scale insects of the 

 last season alive and approaching maturity. 

 October 14, 1882 Tree covered with scale, 

 old and young; the trunk, however, where 

 washed, appearing far more free than the up- 

 per portion; the bark where washed is healthy. 



Use of Kerosene. 



In the following experiments with kerosene, 

 the action of that agent was reported as it then 

 appeared at the date of report, but the subse- 

 quent effects which will now be stated, show 

 how important it is to allow ample time to 

 elapse before coming to a conclusion upon the 

 merits or demerits of a particular proposed 

 remedy. The use of coal oil when the tree is 

 full of sap is plainly shown to be unallowable. 

 These will be detailed as they appeared at the 

 time, and also as seen this season. 



No. 15. Kerosene, low grade and heavy, 110 

 test. June 1, 1881 Applied to two pear trees, 

 spraying, with coarse spray used and oil thrown 

 over the entire trees. June 27, 1881 Observed 

 that the foliage had been killed and the trees 

 considerably affected; scale killed. July 2, 

 1881 New leaf buds coming out. July 23, 

 1881 New foliage all over the trees, and seem- 

 ingly new vigor throughout; new shoots six 

 inches long; no scale to be found, and the green 

 layer of the birk healthy to all appearance. 

 August 2d Foliage increasing rapidly all over 

 the trees, and, apparently, the trees were gain- 

 ing in health. Thus they appeared up to Au- 

 gust, 1881. The observation of these trees on 

 April 25, 1882, showed a very different state; 

 the trees were dead. 



No. 16. Kerosene, high grade, 150 test. June 



1, 1881 Applied by spray upon two pear trees. 

 June 27, 1881 Observed that the foliage had 

 not been killed, but that the scale had all been 

 destroyed; the trees apparently uninjured. 

 July 2d New leaf buds coming forth. August 



2, 1881 Trees appear healthy; foliage unin- 

 jured; scale showing no signs of its presence, 

 and the fruit showing less effects from scale on 

 account of the wash it bad received. April 25, 

 1882 Trees were dead. 



No. 17. Kerosene, high grade Diamond brand, 

 150 test. July 27, 1881 Applied upon two 

 pear trees with a coarse heavy spray over entire 

 trees; trees very badly infested. August 2 

 Effectually destroyed the scale; the trees and 

 foliage apparently entirely healthy. No per- 

 ceptible effect upon the trees, but completely 

 dryiug up the scales, so that they are blown 

 away by the wind. The fruit is not affected by 

 the kerosene, but the scale upon it is killed, 

 and the fruit is very clean. It is observed that 



