ELEPHANTS. 73 



procession pass down the street, the elephant stepped out of the 

 ranks, crossed from one side of the street to the other, and having 

 advanced to Mr. Turley, placed her trunk round his hand, and held 

 it firmly, at the same time making, as Mr. Turley informs me, a 

 peculiar grunting noise, as if by way of welcome. Thus it was clear 

 that after an interval of five years, "Lizzie" had recognised an old 

 friend in Mr. Turley, and that, moreover, she remembered him with 

 a sense of gratitude for his successful endeavours to relieve the pain 

 from which she had suffered. At night, Mr. Turley visited the 

 menagerie, when the elephant again made every demonstration of 

 joy, and embraced him with her trunk. She drew Mr. Turley's 

 attention particularly to the side whereon the blister had been applied, 

 thus showing that all the circumstances of five years previous were 

 fresh in her memory. Observing that in 1881 the menagerie had 

 again visited Tenbury, I wrote to Mr. Turley inquiring if " Lizzie " 

 had again recognised her old friend. That gentleman replied, his 

 letter bearing date May 1881, that she had again recognised him, 

 beginning to " trumpet " whenever she beheld Mr. Turley amongst 

 the spectators in the menagerie. On his speaking to his patient, she 

 placed her trunk round his legs and lifted him from the ground, but 

 in the gentlest manner possible. On Mr. Turley proceeding to ex- 

 amine one of her hind-legs which had been under treatment, the 

 elephant kept holding one of her fore-legs towards him in such a 

 fashion as to draw his attention to the limb. As Mr. Turley, however, 

 had had no concern with the fore- leg, he was puzzled to account for 

 the animal's movement ; but the keeper explained that the fore-leg 

 in question had been treated by a veterinary surgeon for an injury, 

 and that the latter had used his lancet to afford relief. The elephant 

 was irritated by the operation, and expressed her resentment on 

 again seeing the veterinary practitioner by striking at him with her 

 trunk. The act of calling Mr. Turley's attention to the fore-leg was 

 simply an expression of admiration for the gentler treatment to 

 which he had subjected his patient ; the quieter medical treatment 

 contrasting apparently with the rougher surgical measure to which 

 the fore-leg had been subjected. It is thus clear not merely that the 

 elephantine nature is endowed with an active memory, but that a 

 lively sense of gratitude for past kindness is also represented in the 

 list of mental attributes of this giant race. 



A parallel instance of elephant memory is afforded by the case 

 of an elephant which, having broken loose from the stables on a 

 stormy night, escaped into the jungles. Four years thereafter, when a 

 drove of wild elephants was captured in the " keddah " or enclosure, 

 the keeper of the lost elephant went to inspect the new arrivals, and 

 climbed on the railings of the " keddah " to obtain a satisfactory 

 view of the captured animals. Having fancied that amongst the 



