THE OLD PHRENOLOGY AND THE NEW. 



235 



it would be regarded as an absurd and unwarrantable statement to 

 assert that the base of the brain has no functions, and that the nervous 

 acts of man spring only from the top and from the sides of the head. 

 Yet the phrenologist is in the position of one making such an asser- 

 tion ; since his science takes no account of the base or internal parts 

 of the brain situations, forsooth, in which anatomy and the newer 

 phrenology demonstrate the existence of very important organs. 



FIG. 24. THE BASE OF THE BRAIN. (From Bourgery). C, under-surface of the 

 cerebrum ; cl>, the cerebellum ; m. ob, the medulla oblongata. The nerves are 

 numbered i to 12. i, the olfactory nerve; 2, the optic; 3, 4, and 6, nerves 

 which govern the muscles of the eyeball ; 5, the trigeminal, which arises as 

 shown by two roots ; 7, the facial ; 8, the auditory ; 9, the glosso-pharyngeal ; 

 10, the pneumogastric ; n, the spinal accessory ; 12, the several roots of the 

 hypoglossal. The figure 6 is placed on the ppns varolii ; the crura cerebri 

 are between the third and fourth nerves on either side. Just above are a, 

 the corpora albicanta, and P, the pituitary body. 



The question of the relatively immense tracts of brain which lie 

 without the utmost ken of phrenology, even on its own showing, is 

 also illustrated by the observation, that the bulging or hollowing of 

 the skull at any point affords no criterion of the thickness of the grey 



