PARTHENOOENl SI8. 41 



The pupae of different insects varj greatly in form. In 

 tin' insects with an incomplete metamorpln upa 



only differs from the larva in having pad-like rudimentary 

 wings. In Buch ii levelopment is direct, and pro] 



speaking t h < - \ pass through no true larval or pupa, 

 Indeed, some authors with good reason apply the term 

 nymph to the early stages of Orthoptera, white ants, may- 

 flies, dragon-flies, etc : this term embracing what is usually 

 called the larval and pupal states of those insects, as during 

 these periods they are active and take food. 



The Imago. This is the final or adult state when the 

 wings an- developed and the insect is able to fly about 

 and lav its eggs. As soon as insects, such as moths 

 butterflies, wasps or lie,-, have completed their transforma- 

 tions they paii-. ami the tenia! table place to 

 deposit their eggs. Alter this act is accomplished, the 

 adults usuall) .-non die. This period "i' reproduction may 

 occur at any time durmg the summer, but, taking into 

 account the great mass of s] , it in g tieral 

 ward the end of Bummer, and early in the autumn; h< 

 during the winter the species in most cas 

 by the egg alone. Rarelj does the adult insect hiberni 

 though one will find a few ichneumons, I . and bugs 

 under leaves and the bark of trees; but in many spe 

 especially moths, the pupa hibernates t<> disclose the in 

 in the spring or early summer. Larvae seldom live through 

 the winter, although there are some well-known tions 

 to this law. 



When insects arc prevented from mating, they will live 

 much longer than would lie otherwise tin mur 



kept a virgin butterfly for two years in his hoi 

 pupal state o( moths and butterflies may b pro- 



longed by keeping the chrysalids on ice. 



Parthenogenesis. — Besides the normal n op- 



ment, certain insects, a- the plant-louse i.l «), the bark- 

 louse {Coccus), the honey-bee, the P urrant 

 saw-fly {Nemutiis), the gall-flies, and a iVv. 



