160 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



Family Hesperids. — Head very wide between the eyes; antennae 

 ending in a hook; hind tibiae usually with two pairs of spurs. Larva 

 naked, with a large head, rarely boriug in plants, 

 usually living in a rolled-up leaf; pupa secured by 

 many threads, or enclosed in a slight, imperfect 

 cocoon. The Hesperids connect the true butterflies 

 with the moths, Megatliymus yucca' Boisd. and 

 LeConte boring in the roots of Yucca, and bearing 

 a superficial resemblance to the Castniidae, being 

 more moth-like than any other butterfly, while the 

 species of Synemon, with their bright colors and 

 club-shaped antennae, simulate the Hesperids. Examples of the 

 family are Hesperia tessellata Scudd., Nisoniades brizo Bois. and Lee, 

 Eudamus bathyllns (Abbot and Smith), and Thymele proteus (Linn.). 



Family Papilionidae. — Wing-cells (at least, of the hind wings) 

 closed; hind tibia? with one pair of spurs; a leaf-like appendage to 

 the fore tibiae, as in moths and Hesperids. Larva with a retractile 

 scent-organ on the segment next to the head. Pupa fastened in an 

 upright position by the tail and a girdle across the middle. Pieris 

 rapes, Linn., the imported cabbage butterfly, and P. oleracea Harris, 

 as well as Colzas philodice Godart, represent the sub-family Pier i mi', 

 while Parnassius and Papilio tumus Linn, represent the sub-familj r 

 Papilionirue. 



Family Rurales. — Six perfect legs in the females, four in the 

 males. This group is subdivided into two sub-families, the first of 

 which is the Lycsenina>, in which the fore tarsi lack the tarsal claws, 

 but are densely spined beneath. Wing-cells (except in Eumaeus) 

 not closed by perfect veins. Larva oval and flattened, head small, 

 and the feet very small. Pupa short, obtuse at each end, smooth, 

 fastened by the tail and a girdle. Lyavna pseudargiolus Boisduval 

 and LeConte; Chrysophanus thoe Bois. and Lee. In the subfamily 



Fig. 202.— Melitaza phaeton (under surface ou right side); a, pupa, enlarged. 



Eryciniiw, the legs are as in Lycaeninae, the fore tarsi consisting of 

 only one or two joints, and being spineless. Larva either not spined, 

 or with bristles and hairs; pupa either with a girdle (Erycina), or 

 fastened rigidly by the tail without a girdle (Stalachtis), or, as in 

 Libythaea, suspended freely by the tail. 



Family Nymphalidae. — Fore legs imperfect in both sexes; in the 

 female wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi are 

 aborted, consisting of one or two joints. Discal cell usually open. 



