BIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 83 



feeding-time, to the dog or monkey capable of learn- 

 ing elaborate tricks after a couple of trials. But 

 even in the most "intelligent" of birds or mammals, 

 the power of image-formation is very probably ab- 

 sent,"* and the power of concept-formation, of gener- 

 alizing, certainly so. This fact (quite apart from 

 the absence of tradition, although this too operates 

 in the same direction) means that the associations 

 of animals can only be arbitrary and individual: a 

 rook in one country (to choose a somewhat far- 

 fetched example) may happen to associate danger 

 with fire-arms, one in another with bows and arrows. 

 Life, for the animals, is a cinema, different for each 

 individual, in which one event may be associated 

 with another in the most diverse and haphazard 

 ways. With the advent of the human type of brain, 

 however, experience can be sorted out and properly 

 docketed; the mere cinematographic record is con- 

 verted into a drama full of significance, the diary 

 into a card-index. By this means, and by tradition, 

 it is possible for man to obtain a much more ac- 

 curate and more complete grasp of the relationships 

 of the objects that compose the outer world than is 

 possible for any other animal. Through knowledge, 

 as ever, comes power: and as a result, man has been 

 enabled to invent tools and machinery, and so to 

 enlarge enormously his control over his environ- 

 ment. Just as his "range," in the zoogeographical 

 sense, is extended to an unprecedented degree both in 



*See Thorndike, 'II. 



