PROGRESS 53 



societies present a new biological problem, in so much 

 as it is impossible, man being what he is, to solve the 

 relationship of individual and community, of smaller 

 and larger unit, in the simple way in which it has 

 always been solved before — by specialization and 

 subordination of the individuals.^ The early develop- 

 ment of codes of law, codes of ritual, and codes of 

 morals represents the first attempt at a solution of 

 the problem : the modern rise of arbitration as a 

 method of settling disputes between whole units and 

 large groups within units is another important step 

 in the same direction. Nevertheless, it is here that 

 the most drastic change of method will have to be 

 brought into being if man's development is to continue 

 progressive. 



There is, however, a weighty criticism of the 

 validity of human progress. Granted that human 

 science and invention have made enormous strides, 

 that knowledge has increased and convenience multi- 

 plied — is man^ the living, feeling, personal human 

 being, any the better in essentials for all of this — has 

 it not merely made life more complex at the expense 

 of its depth, more rapid at the expense of its tran- 

 quillity and suavity ? This is especially obvious in 

 the field of art. It is impossible to maintain that 

 any one of a certain number — a hundred, or perhaps 

 a thousand — of great poets, painters, sculptors, or 



^ See the second essay of this volume for fuller discussion of 

 this point. 



