BIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 8i 



with a given event such as feeding-time, to the dog 

 or monkey capable of learning elaborate tricks after 

 a couple of trials. But even in the most * intelligent ' 

 of birds or mammals, the power of image-formation 

 is very probably absent,^ and the power of concept- 

 formation, of generalizing, certainly so. This fact 

 (quite apart from the absence of tradition, although 

 this too operates in the same direction) means that 

 the associations of animals can only be arbitrary and 

 individual : a rook in one country (to choose a some- 

 what far-fetched example) may happen to associate 

 danger with fire-arms, one in another with bows and 

 arrows. Life, for the animals, is a cinema, diflFerent 

 for each individual, in which one event may be 

 associated with another in the most diverse and 

 hapha2^rd ways. With the advent of the human 

 type of brain, however, experience can be sorted out 

 and properly docketed ; the mere cinematographic 

 record is converted into a drama full of significance, 

 the diary into a card-index. By this means, and by 

 tradition, it is possible for man to obtain a much more 

 accurate and more complete grasp of the relationships 

 of the objects that compose the outer world than is 

 possible for any other animal. Through knowledge, 

 as ever, comes power : and as a result, man has been 

 enabled to invent tools and machinery, and so to 

 enlarge enormously his control over his environment. 

 Just as his ' range,' in the zoogeographical sense, is 



1 See Thorndike, 'ii. 

 F 



