BIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 85 



instincts found in all men, and also certain aspects of 

 environment shared by all humanity — the sun and 

 moon, earth, water, and fire, space and time, parents 

 and society, and so on and so forth. 



I make no apologies for the length of this pre- 

 liminary analysis, since it is precisely by the neglect 

 of preliminary analysis that most attempts to correlate 

 biology and sociology have failed. The salient fact 

 emerges that with man there has been a radical change 

 in evolutionary method. 



As space is limited, I am here only proposing to con- 

 sider three of the chief contributions which biology 

 can make to sociology — on the idea of progress, on 

 the relation between individual and community, and 

 on the applicability of the doctrine of the struggle for 

 existence to man. 



As regards the idea of progress, biology can make a 

 dear and unequivocal contribution : whereas man is 

 biologically so young, his evolution is yet so chaotic 

 and divergently directed, that it is very hard to arrive 

 at definite conclusions from the study of his history 

 alone. It has been a source of constant surprise to 

 me that more use has not been made of biological 

 data in the controversy over this question. In the 

 little book recently edited by Mr. Marvin on various 

 aspects of the concept of Progress, there was no 

 article dealing with biological progress ; and even 

 in Professor Bury's notable book. The Idea of Pro- 

 gress^ biology was as little and as unsatisfectorily 



