BIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 93 



and methods by which a struggle on the grand scale 

 can be minimized tend to be more and more adopted. 

 We find regularly, for instance, a reduction of the 

 number of offspring in higher groups together with 

 greater parental care. 



Thus co-operation, for still fresh reasons, is bio- 

 logically important for the higher groups. The 

 problem is becoming increasingly pressing for the 

 human race, since the time is in sight when the whole 

 habitable area of the globe will be colonized, up to a 

 certain level of density and efficiency, by members 

 of the more advanced races. Biologically speaking, 

 it is perfectly clear that some co-operative system, 

 involving federation in one form or another, is the 

 proper system to adopt ; and that the * world-state ' 

 — not necessarily organized after the plan of our 

 present highly specialized nationalist-industrialist states, 

 which appear happily to represent only a temporary 

 phase of evolution, but none the less an organic reality, 

 a co-operative unit — that the ' world-state ' is not 

 merely a figment of unpractical dreamers, but an 

 obviously desirable aim for humanity. Kant, a 

 century and a half ago even, had seen clearly enough 

 some universal society was a necessity for the full 

 unfolding of human possibility ; and had gone further 

 and pointed out that there were indications of a 

 movement of civilization in that direction. In the 

 present period, this movement has been retarded 

 by the extraordinary and mushroom growth of 



