BIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 95 



portion of the various kinds of cells comes to be very 

 different from what they were in the normal well- 

 nourished body.i That is a purely biological example. 

 In man, since the unification of the community is of 

 a low order, it is inevitable that individuals and sections 

 will continue in some form of competition with each 

 other : not only this, however, but the additional fact 

 that man's mental organization reacts strongly to the 

 stimulus of competition makes it probable that a 

 * struggle ' of some sort will not only be inevitable 

 but up to a point beneficial in any form of society. 

 What is more, once co-operation exists, competition 

 between the co-operating units is necessary to bring 

 out the full efficiency of their combination. 



All that the biologist can do is to point out that 

 neither the one-sided application of the principle of 

 struggle nor of that of co-operation is biologically 

 sound. But, as everywhere else in human conduct, 

 after the broad principles have been grasped, success 

 lies always in a delicate, continuous adjustment of con- 

 flicting claims, in what one may call a personal conscious 

 effort. Struggle is universal : but by itself it can only 

 lead to a certain stage of evolutionary progress. 



The half-baked moralist may lay down the law 

 about right and wrong with the most positive assur- 

 ance ; but, by not paying attention to the necessity 

 for sweet reasonableness, give-and-take, unselfishness, 



1 See Roux, '8i, for a discussion ot this important extension 

 of Darwinism. 



