AN ESSAY ON BIRD-MIND 107 



not for the moment be better served by confining the 

 subject-matter and terms of analysis to behaviour 

 alone, it is a very foolhardy * behaviorist ' indeed 

 who denies the existence of emotion and conscious 

 process ! 



But the practical value of this method of thinking 

 is, as I say, an arguable point ; it is indeed clear that 

 a great immediate advance, especially in non-human 

 biology, has been and may still be made by translating 

 the uncertain and often risky terms of subjective 

 psychology into those based upon the objective de- 

 scription of directly observable behaviour. However, it 

 is equally easy to maintain, and I for one maintain it, 

 that to omit a whole category of phenomena from 

 consideration is unscientific, and must in the long run 

 lead to an unreal, because limited, view of things ; 

 and that, when great detail of analysis is not required, 

 but only broad lines and general comparison, the 

 psychological terminology, of memory, fear, anger, 

 curiosity, affection, is the simpler and more direct tool, 

 and should be used to supplement and make more 

 real the cumbersome and less complete behavioristic 

 terminology, of modification of behaviour, fright, 

 aggression, and the rest. 



It is at least abundantly clear that, if we are to 

 believe in the principle of uniformity at all, we must 

 ascribe emotion to animals as well as to men : the 

 similarity of behaviour is so great that to assert the 

 absence of a whole class of phenomena in one case, 



