RELIGION AND SCIENCE 273 



As a result of this, sublimation involves not the 

 suppression or repression of instincts and emotional 

 experiences, nor merely the summation of them 

 with another instinct, but their utilization as parts 

 of a new whole, of which the dominant instinct is 

 like the controlling head. 



When the sex-instinct is repressed, the emotional 

 and religious life is meagre, though often violent. 

 When the sex-instinct and the religious feeling exist 

 side by side, without conflict but without union, 

 you have ' the natural man ' of St. Paul ; but when 

 the religious ideals are dominant, and can catch up 

 the sex-instinct into themselves, and in so doing 

 give it a new form and a new direction, then you 

 get one of the highest types of emotional lives. Or 

 fear may be sublimated to reverence ; or sex again 

 to art or to philanthropy. 



In every case, a new and more complicated mental 

 activity or organ is arrived at j and the same process that 

 we saw at work in biological evolution — the creation 

 of ever more complex units — is thereby continued. 



Then we come to the fact that man displays dis- 

 harmonies of mental construction, together with an 

 innate hankering after harmony. The most obvious 

 disharmony is that between the instincts that are 

 self- regarding and those that are other-regarding — 

 between man's egotistic and his social tendencies. 



It appears that man became gregarious quite late 

 in evolutionary history. Through natural selection, 

 sufficient * herd-instinct ' was developed to ensure 



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