282 MIMICRY AND XATTRAL SELECTION 



{Piipiiio, C /ill raxes. Sec), whicli in many Lycaoiidac arc 

 antenna-like and associated with eye spots, sui;:^gestin«^ the 

 appearance of a liead. 1 lie resemblance is further inten- 

 sified in the restinj^' position by movements of the hind- 

 ^vin<^^s, which cause the apparent aniennae to pass and 

 rejjass eacii other. Such structures and marks are con- 

 stantl) injured or entirely bitten awa)' in fresh sjjecimens. 

 Direct observation of actual attack b\ birds and lizards 

 has also been made by Mr. Marshall and others,' so that 

 it maybe safely assumed that the doubts thrown upon the 

 reality of the strui^gle for life in butterflies have their 

 origin in the want of observation specially directed to this 

 ^\\i\. The majorit)- of naturalist-travellers are chiefly 

 concerned with collecting, and it is not surprising that 

 man)- of them have not seen what they never looked for. 

 If time had permitted, man)- other aspects of Mimetic 

 Resemblance might have been dwelt upon, and it would 

 have been found, as it has been foimd with those which 

 I have had the honour to bring to your notice, that all 

 are readily explicable by the theory of Natural Selection, 

 but remain mere coincidences under any other alternative 

 theory as yet suggested.-^ 



APPENDIX 



The evidence collected by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, 

 alluded to on jjp. 281-2, is now published in his great me- 

 moir on TJic BionoDii^s of South ^Ifricaii hisccis? The 



' Two members of the Fillli Inlernalional Congress who were present 

 at my lecture informed me afterwards that they had witnessed such 

 attacks. Professor E. Penard of Geneva saw a bird, probably a sparrow, 

 persistently pursue and at the third attempt caj)ture a white butieilly 

 (probably a species of Pieris). The incident liapjjened in the early 

 summer of 1900, in a park near Geneva. Mr. F. Muir, of Ipswich, 

 England , expressed surprise that any doubts should have been raised. 

 He had frequently observed such attacks at Delagoa Bay and other 

 places on the Kast coast of Africa, and had seen birds waiting in trees or 

 bushes and darting out at buttertlies as they approached. 



"^ Further evidence is discussed in the writer's paper in \\\q: Journ. Linn. 

 Soc. ZooL, vol. xxvi, p. 558, reprinted as Kssay viii in the present volume 

 (p. 220). 



' Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 287-584. 



