IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 373 



e. Female Mimicking tivo or more Differeiit Species : 

 Male perhaps N on- Mimetic, or Mimicking still ajwther 

 Species, — The mimetic females also often resemble two 

 or more different species of nauseous butterflies. Thus the 

 female oi Papilio polytes {pammon) appears in two forms, 

 mimicking respectively Papilio hector and P, aristolochiae ; 

 while the females of Etiripus halitherses (the male of 

 which is probably also mimetic) mimic Danisepa diocle- 

 tianns (rhadamanthus) and Penoa deione. 



[The conspicuous under side of the non-mimetic male 

 of Papilio polytes {^pammori) suggests special protection, 

 and renders it probable that the resemblance of the 

 female is Mullerian. The genus Euripus is also probably 

 distasteful, like many other mimetic Nymphaline genera.^ 

 For dimorphism in mimicry, see pp. 354-6.] 



f. N on- Mimetic Ancestor preserved on Islands, &c. : on 

 Adjacent Continent Mimicry developed in one or both 

 Sexes : Remarkable case of Papilio dardanus (merope). — 

 There are also striking examples in which the non- 

 mimetic ancestor of a mimetic species has been preserved, 

 e. g. in an adjacent island. Thus the female of Elymnias 

 tcndularis mimics Salatura plexippns {genntid) in Sikkim 

 and North-East India ; in Burma there is a common 

 form of the latter with white hind wings {S. hegesippics), 

 and the Burmese female of E. undtilaris is apparently 

 beginning to mimic this variety; in South India E. 

 tmdularis is represented by E. catidaia, in which the 

 male is also beginning to mimic Salatura plexippns, and 

 the female is a more perfect mimic than in the other 

 localities ; in the Andaman Islands Elymnias cottonis 

 represents E. tcndularis, and both sexes appear to be 

 non-mimetic.^ 



A still more wonderful example is found in Africa 

 and adjacent islands. Papilio meriones of Madagascar 

 is non-mimetic and the sexes are nearly alike ; the 

 same is true of a closely-allied species, P, humbloti, 

 in Grand Comoro, and of an Abyssinian sub-species 



^ Tra?ts. Ent. Soc, Loud., 1902, pp. 500-2. 



' It is not unlikely that E. cottonis bears a general resemblance to 

 a Euploeine. 



