IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 347 



the species excessively abundant. Some mimetic species 

 have an immense range, in the case of Hypolimnas 

 misippus far exceeding that of the model. 1 



(c) The marked tendency towards Mimicry in the 

 species of a single group cannot be explained by here- 

 ditary transmission of the mimetic form attained by a 

 single ancestral species, or from the tendency of closely 

 related species to vary along nearly the same lines. As 

 a matter of fact, the species of such groups, mimicking 

 various different models, have been led to diverge in all 

 kinds of directions. 



(d) The non-mimetic species of mimetic groups and 

 the non-mimetic males of mimetic females are, as 

 a rule, distinguished by a conspicuous and apparently 

 Aposematic colouring. Such Aposematic patterns are 

 especially developed on the under surface of the wings, 

 where Procryptic colouring is found in other butterflies. 



(e) The converse of this last argument is also true, viz., 

 some of the species in a group, which is as a whole 

 markedly conspicuous and itself mimicked, are often 

 mimetic of quite other groups. Forms closely related 

 to Mimetic species tend to be Aposematic ; Forms closely 

 related to Aposematic species tend to be Mimetic. 



(/) The non-mimetic species of mimetic groups and the 

 non-mimetic males 2 of mimetic females are sometimes 

 themselves mimicked. 



{g) Species which mimic the best known and pre- 

 sumably the most unpalatable models are often in certain 

 points even more conspicuous than their models. They 

 appear to have retained some traces of Warning 

 Characters which they possessed before the mimetic 

 likeness was assumed. 3 



(/i) The fact that the resemblance between species 

 belonging to the admittedly distasteful groups is far 

 closer and more perfect than that between these and the 

 species of groups believed to be palatable. 



1 See p. 216. 



2 A good example is described on pp. 217-18. 



3 For examples see pp. 371, 375. Another very good instance is seen 

 in the great Ethiopian Aleiis-Euphaedra combination mentioned on p. 232. 



