IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 359 



alluring prey by the deceptive appearance of something 

 attractive to them (Pseudepisematic). Even foreign objects 

 commonly associated with some well-defended and aggres- 

 sive species may be mimicked by a comparatively defence- 

 less form {Pseudallaposematic). 



1 . Various Uses of the Term ' Mimicry ' ; The Essen- 

 tial Element in Batesian Mimicry. — Mimicry is often 

 extended to include all the superficial resemblances 

 between animals and any part of their environment. 

 It was thus employed by Bates, although the character- 

 istic and original part of his memoir deals exclusively 

 with Protective Mimicry. Wallace separated the Cryptic 

 Resemblances already described, and the majority of 

 naturalists have followed this convenient arrangement. 

 In Cryptic Resemblance an animal gains a likeness to 

 some object of no interest to its enemy or prey, and in 

 so doing is concealed. In Protective Mimicry an animal 

 resembles some other animal (almost invariably with 

 Warning Colours) which is especially disliked by its 

 enemy ; in Aggressive Mimicry an animal or some part 

 of it resembles an object which is especially attractive to 

 its prey. In either case conspicuousness to enemy or 

 prey respectively is the usual incidental result. 



Excluding Cryptic Resemblances, the term ' Mimicry' is 

 generally used to express a resemblance, independent of 

 affinity, between certain species inhabiting the same 

 country — a resemblance which appeals to the senses of 

 enemies, especially to the sense of sight, not uncommonly 

 to hearing, occasionally to smell and touch. Even this 

 definition is, however, far too wide, and includes at least 

 five distinct kinds of resemblance, to only one of 

 which the term 'Mimicry' as explained by Bates's well- 

 known hypothesis is strictly applicable. 



a. The resemblance of a mollusc to the coral on which 

 it lives, or an external parasite to the hair or skin of 

 its host, would be Procryptic. 



b. That between moths which resemble lichen, Syn- 

 cryptic (see p. 312). 



c. That between the Insectivor mole and the Rodent 

 mole, Syntechnic (see p. 3 1 2). 



