EMERGENCIES 357 



keep it in place by tying with the middle of a handkerchief or band, so 

 that it may not fall back and close the throat ; the ends of the band 

 should cross under the chin and be tied around the neck. Next pro- 

 ceed to restore by artificial breathing according to the method shown 

 in Figs. 238 and 239. The teacher should illustrate the method of 

 fastening the tongue, the pupil holding a short stick between the teeth 

 to represent the tongue. The teacher should then work the arms of 



FIG. 239. Resuscitation: Expiration. (Brinckley.) 



the pupil to show inspiration and expiration in artificial breathing. The 

 boy need not lie down but should stand where the class may see him. 



Artificial Breathing (Sylvester's Method), applicable to asphyxia 

 from fire, gas, electric shock, or drowning. A coat or cushion should 

 be placed under the shoulders to serve as a support. First Step (Fig. 

 238) : The arms should be raised above the head with force in order to 

 raise the ribs. Second Step (Fig. 239) : The arms should be lowered 

 and pressed against the sides so as to compress the chest. Repeat these 

 movements about fifteen times each minute, continuing for an hour or 

 several hours until natural breathing is restored. 



Snake Bites. Very few snakes are poisonous. The four snakes 

 of the United States that are virulently poisonous are the rattlesnake 

 (diamond rattler and common rattler), ground rattlesnake (has no 

 rattles V moccasin, and copperhead. The last-named is the most dan- 

 gerous. The copperhead is of a golden brown color, with dark V-shaped 

 blotches meeting on the back. All venomous snakes have broad tri- 

 angular heads and short tails. Their b'ite is known from the marks left 

 by the two fangs. Other snakes do not have fangs. The wound made 

 by a venomous snake should be immediately sucked. The blood should 

 be confined to the bitten member (see Figs. 233, 234). Potassium 

 permanganate and peroxide of hydrogen are valuable remedies. They 

 should be used only under direction of a physician. 



