CH. LVIL] 



THE LARYNX 



801 



at which the cricoid is clasped. The vocal cords are attached behind to the front 

 portion of the base (vocal process) of the arytenoid cartilages, and in front to the 

 re-entering angle at the back of the thyroid ; it is evident, therefore, that all move- 

 ments of either of these cartilages must produce an effect on them of some kind or 

 other. Inasmuch, too, as the arytenoid cartilages rest on the top of the back portion 

 of the cricoid cartilage, and are connected with it by capsular and other ligaments, 

 all movements of the cricoid cartilage must move the arytenoid cartilages, and also 

 produce an effect on the vocal cords. 



Mucous membrane. The larynx is lined with a mucous membrane continuous 

 with that of the trachea ; this is covered with ciliated epithelium except over the vocal 

 cords and epiglottis, where it is 

 stratified. The vocal cords are 

 thickened bands of elastic tissue in 

 this mucous membrane which run 

 from before back. They are at- 

 tached behind to the vocal processes 

 of the arytenoid cartilages, and in 

 front to the angle where the two 

 wings of the thyroid meet. The 

 chink between them is called the 

 rima glottidis (see fig. 501). Two 

 ridges of mucous membrane above 

 and parallel to these are called the 

 false vocal cords; between the true 

 and false vocal cord on each side is 

 a recess called the ventricle. 



Muscles. The muscles of the 

 larynx are divided into intrinsic and 

 extrinsic. The intrinsic are named 

 from their attachments to the various 

 cartilages ; the extrinsic are those 

 which connect the larynx to other 

 parts, such as the hyoid bone. 



The intrinsic muscles of the 

 larynx are as follows: 



1. Crico-thyroid. 



2. Posterior crico-arytenoid. 



3. Lateral crico-arytenoid. 



4. Thyro-arytenoid. 



5. Arytenoid. 



All these muscles except the 

 arytenoid are in pairs. 



Their attachments and actions 

 are as follows : 



F.V.C, 



T.A. 



T.C.M. 



FIG. 501. Vertical section through the larynx, passing 

 from side to side. H, hyoid bone ; T., thyroid carti- 

 lage ; T.C.M., thyro-cricoid membrane ; C., cricoid 

 cartilage; Tr., first ring of trachea; T.A., thyro- 

 arytenoid muscle ; R.G., rima glottidis; V.C., vocal 

 cord ; V. , ventricle ; F. V.C. , false vocal cord. (After 

 Allen Thomson.) 



1. Crico- thyroid. This is a 

 short, thick triangular muscle, at- 

 tached below to the cricoid cartilage ; 



this attachment extends from the middle line backwards. The fibres pass upwards 

 and outwards, diverging slightly to be attached above to the inferior border of the 

 thyroid cartilage, and to the anterior border of its lower cornu. 



The thyroid cartilage being fixed by extrinsic muscles, the contraction of this 

 muscle draws upwards the anterior part of the cricoid cartilage, and depresses the 

 posterior part, and with it the arytenoid cartilages, so that the vocal cords are 

 stretched. Paralysis of these muscles therefore causes an inability to produce high- 

 pitched tones. 



2. Posterior crico-arytenoid. This arises from the broad depression on the 

 corresponding half of the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage ; its fibres con- 

 verge upwards and outwards, and are inserted into the outer angle of the base of the 

 arytenoid cartilage behind the attachment of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscle. 



These muscles draw the outer angles of the arytenoid cartilages backwards and 



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