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THE PHENOMENON OF CONTRACTION.^ 51 



support from the investigations of Kuhne,* who prowti^iiMtllh^,lrt^^\ , 

 muscle plasma is really coagulable. After first freezing and mmSIllg ' " 

 the muscles he succeeded in squeezing out the plasma from the 

 living fibers and showed that it subsequently clotted. While the 

 coagulation theory of rigor explains the greater rigidity of the' 

 muscle, it does not furnish in itself a satisfactory explanation of 

 the shortening, and the fact, as stated above, that the rigidity 

 may occur without the shortening indicates that this latter process 

 may possibly be due to changes that precede the appearance of 

 rigidity. In addition to the rigor mortis that occurs after death 

 at ordinary temperatures a condition of rigor may be induced 

 rapidly by raising the temperature of the muscle to a certain point. 

 Rigor induced in this way is designated as heat rigor or rigor caloris. 

 Much uncertainty has prevailed as to whether heat rigor is different 

 essentially from death rigor. According to some physiologists, the 

 processes may be regarded as the same, the heat rigor being simply 

 a death rigor that is rapidly developed by the high temperature, 

 this latter condition accelerating the chemical changes leading to 

 rigor, as is the case, for instance, in the action of chloroform. This 

 view is supported by a study of the chemical changes that take place 

 under the two conditions, as will be described later, and by the fact 

 that some of the conditions that influence one phenomenon have a 

 parallel effect upon the other. For instance, death rigor is accel- 

 erated by previous use of the muscle, and the same is true for heat 

 rigor. While a resting frog's muscle begins to go into heat rigor, 

 as judged by the shortening, at 37 to 40 C; a muscle that has 

 been greatly fatigued shows the same phenomenon at 25 to 

 27 C.f According to other observers, heat rigor is due to an 

 ordinary heat coagulation of the proteids present in the muscle 

 fiber. It has been pointed out, J for instance, that in frogs' muscles 

 three different proteids are known to be present, with three dif- 

 ferent temperatures of heat coagulation, namely, myogen fibrin, 

 35 to 40 C. ; myosin, 47 to 50 C. ; and myogen, 58 to 65 C, and 

 that when the living muscle is heated what is ordinarily designated 

 as the contraction of heat rigor comes on at the first temperature, 

 35 to 40 C, while small additional contractions occur at the 

 temperatures of coagulation of the other two proteids. This view, 

 however, does not make clear why the first of these coagulations, 

 that of myogen fibrin at 40, should produce such a large contrac- 

 tion, 80 to 90 per cent, of the total shortening, although this proteid 

 is present in smaller quantities than the other two. As long, how- 



* Kuhne, "Archiv f. Physiologie," 1859, p. 788. 

 t Latimer, "American Journal of Physiology," 2, 29, 1899. 

 % Brodie and Richardson, " Philosophical Trans., Roy. Soc," London. 

 1899, 191, p. 127. 



