392 BLOOD AND LYMPH. 



gas is liable to prove fatal. The CO unites with the hemoglobin, 

 forming a firm compound; the tissues of the body are thereby pre- 

 vented from obtaining their necessary oxygen, and death results 

 from suffocation or asphyxia. Carbon monoxid forms one of the 

 constituents of coal-gas. The well-known fatal effect of breathing 

 coal-gas for some time, as in the case of individuals sleeping in a 

 room in which gas is escaping, is traceable directly to the carbon 

 monoxid. Nitric oxid (NO) forms also with hemoglobin a definite 

 compound that is even more stable than the CO hemoglobin; if, 

 therefore, this gas were brought into contact with the blood, it 

 would cause death in the same way as the CO. 



Oxyhemoglobin, carbon monoxid hemoglobin, and nitric oxid 

 hemoglobin are similar compounds. Each is formed, apparently, 

 by a definite combination of the gas with the hematin portion of the 

 hemoglobin molecule, and a given weight of hemoglobin unites 

 presumably with an equal volume of each gas. In marked contrast 

 to these facts, Bohr* has shown that hemoglobin forms a compound 

 with carbon dioxid gas, carbohemoglobin, in which the quantitative 

 relationship of the gas to the hemoglobin differs from that shown 

 by oxygen. In a mixture of O and C0 2 the latter gas is absorbed by 

 hemoglobin solutions independently of the oxygen, so that a solu- 

 tion of hemoglobin nearly saturated with oxygen will take up C0 2 

 as though it held no oxygen in combination. Bohr suggests, there- 

 fore, that the O and the C0 2 must unite with different portions of the 

 hemoglobin the oxygen with the pigment portion and the C0 2 possi- 

 bly with the proteid portion. Although the amount of C0 2 taken up 

 by the hemoglobin is not influenced by the amount of O already in 

 combination, the reverse relationship does not hold in all cases. It is 

 found that the presence of the C0 2 loosens, as it were, the combina- 

 tion between the hemoglobin and the oxygen so that the oxyhemo- 

 globin dissociates more readily than would otherwise be the case. 

 This is observed at least when the oxygen is under a low pressure, 

 such as occurs, for instance, in the capillaries of the tissues. The 

 importance of this fact in regard to the oxygen supply to the tissues 

 is referred to more explicitly in the section on Respiration. 



Presence of Iron in the Molecule. It is probable that iron 

 is quite generally present in the animal tissues in connection with 

 nuclein compounds, but its existence in hemoglobin is noteworthy 

 because it has long been known, and because the important property 

 of combining with oxygen seems to be connected with the presence 

 of this element. According to the analyses made, the proportion 

 of iron in hemoglobin varies somewhat in different animals: the 

 figures given are from 0.333 to 0.47 per cent. The amount of 

 hemoglobin in blood may be determined, therefore, by making a 

 * " Skandinavisches Archiv f. Physiologie," 3, 47, 1892, and 16, 402, 1904. 



