34 OLEOMAEGAEINE. 



colored. It has been colored for the reason which has been referred 

 to, happily, I think, in this argument by the advocates of the bill, in the 

 phrase that "the eye might aid the palate." It is colored to meet the 

 demand the taste of those who use it. It is colored in different tints 

 for the different localities in which it is to be sold. It has always been 

 colored. The housewife has colored it in her churn with carrots, and 

 the manufacturer has colored it as he deemed proper to meet the 

 demands of those to whom he was to offer it. 



1 call the attention of the committee to the fact that there was no 

 one substance used for the coloring of butter there was no standard 

 coloring matter until after the manufacture of oleomargarine had 

 been commenced. The manufacturers of oleomargarine colored their 

 substance also. The manufacturers of oleomargarine were inventors. 

 The manufacturers of oleomargarine, or those who advised them, were 

 scientists looking for the best substances which could be used for each 

 and every purpose which they desired to accomplish; and they discov- 

 ered, or found, or invented I do not know which a substance which 

 is called annotto, and they used it for the coloring of their product as 

 the article best adapted to that purpose. 



Senator ALLEN. Do the creameries use the same coloring matter? 



Mr. GARDNER. That is what I am informed; absolutely the same 

 substance. 



Mr. HOARD. May I ask the gentleman a question ? Is he certain that 

 he is historically correct when he states that the oleomargarine men 

 invented annotto ? 



Mr. GARDNER. I do not say that they invented it. I do not know 

 whether they invented it or not. They discovered and adopted it as 

 the article best fitted for the purpose, it not having been used before 

 for that purpose. 



Mr. HOARD. I beg your pardon. I was a cheese manufacturer forty- 

 five years ago in New York, and I used annotto. Has oleomargarine 

 been in use that long? 



Mr. GARDNER. I am arguing from the evidence before this commit- 

 tee. I understand the evidence taken by the House committee is here, 

 and I am arguing upon that evidence. The truthfulness or the untruth- 

 fulness of the persons who gave the evidence I can not vouch for, but 

 as an attorney I take the evidence as here and argue from it. There 

 certainly is evidence, and the strongest evidence, to the effect that after 

 the manufacturers of oleomargarine had shown the desirability of this 

 substance for this purpose the manufacturers of butter adopted it, and 

 that the manufacturer of butter to-day, who previous to 1886 used all 

 sorts of different substances in attempting to color his butter as he 

 desired to have it colored, is using annotto and nothing else. Yet, it 

 appearing by the evidence that the manufacturer of oleomargarine first 

 called this possibility to the attention of the manufacturer of butter, 

 the manufacturer of butter to-day claims the tints which are produced 

 by this coloring matter as his trade-mark. That is a fair argument, at 

 least from the evidence, and the truth or falsity of the evidence 



Senator ALLEN. Do you claim to have used this coloring matter 

 before the creameries used it ? 



Mr. GARDNER. That claim is made, as I understand. That is in 

 evidence. 



Senator WARREN. I think it will develop that the substance called 

 annotto was used many years ago in a crude way for coloring butter. 



