OLEOMARGARINE. 755 



chopping machines, into which nothing was pnt but the finest leaf fats. We then 

 followed this product next to the grinding machines, which pulverize or grind the 

 leaf fat to a pulp closely resembling ice cream. The pulp is then conducted to open 

 kettles, which are heated to a certain low temperature by means of hot water cir- 

 culating around the open kettle. The product from these kettles is then drawn off 

 and is allowed to percolate through several thicknesses of straining cloth, and the 

 residue, after the neutral lard is strained off, is pnmped across to the lard department, 

 where it is subjected to a high heat under pressure for the production of steam lard. 

 We then followed the neutral oil through the numerous straining processes to the 

 cooling room, where it is drawn off into new barrels and prepared for sale orpumped 

 to the tanks in their oleomargarine department. 



"Our attention was then directed to the possibility of fats from diseased and dead 

 hogs being used in the production of neutral oil, and we find two very substantial 

 reasons why it would be impossible for anything of that kind to enter into its pro- 

 duction : 



" First. Because in the cage of a hog that dies of disease, or is killed without imme- 

 diately losing its blood, each part of the body becomes at once permeated with the 

 hog or lardy taste, which prevents the making of an odorless or tasteless product, 

 such as is required in the production of neutral oil. 



" Second. Because the rules of the Stock Yards Company require the disposal of 

 and immediate removal of dead and diseased hogs from the yards, and the Stock 

 Yards Company are now under contract with Joim Brannock, of Globe, Ind., for 

 the immediate removal of all such hogs to his rendering plant at that point, where, 

 we were informed, the extracted greases are disposed of to lubricating companies 

 and cheap soap companies. 



" We then took up the subject of oleo oil, following this product from the slaugh- 

 tering rooms, where the caul fat and the ruffle fat of the beeves are taken after the 

 animal has passed the inspection of the Government inspectors of the Department 

 of Agriculture. The above-described fats, after being removed from the animal, are 

 immediately subjected to ice- water baths, and pass from one tank of ice water to 

 another until they reach the cutting room in the oleo-oil department. The fats then 

 pass through grinding machines, and from the grinding machines into huge open 

 kettles, where they are subjected to a low heat, after which they are drawn off into vats 

 to cool. After cooling the fats are placed in small cotton sacks and put under pres- 

 sure, thus extracting the oleo oil, similar to methods employed at a cider mill for 

 extracting the cider from the apple. The residue, or tallowy substance remaining, 

 commonly known as ' stearin/ being a commercial article, is much sought after by 

 soap manufacturers. We then followed the oleo oil to the cooling room, from which 

 point it is either pumped to the vats in the oleomargarine department, to be used in 

 the production of oleomargarine, or is drawn off into new barrels for local shipment 

 or for export ." 



With reference to the examination of the methods and materials employed by Nel- 

 son Morris & Co. for the production of neutral and oleo oils Special Employees Mar- 

 tin and Anderson report the result of their investigations as follows. I quote from 

 their report : 



" We visited the packing house of Nelson Morris & Co., at the Union Stock Yards, 

 who are manufacturers of oleo oils and neutral oils, where our investigation was as 

 thorough as the one made at Swift & Co. 



" We were conducted through this plant by Mr. Johnson, general superintendent, 

 who informed us, in response to the query as to the possibility of offal and diseased 

 fats entering into the manufacture of oleo oils and neutral oils, that each beef and 

 hog was regularly inspected by the Government inspectors after the animal had been 

 killed and bled, and that the amount of stock which had been rejected by these 

 inspectors during the year 1899, and which by reason of that inspection had been 

 pronounced to be unfit for consumption and had been sent to the soap-grease fac- 

 tory, covers an amount exceeding over $20,000. Our entire investigation at this plant 

 resulted, substantially, the same as at the packing house of Swift & Co." 



On the 2d instant Special Employees Martin and Anderson visited the oleomarga- 

 rine factories of W. J. Moxley, 63 West Monroe street, and Braun & Fitts, North 

 Union street, Chicago, for the purpose of ascertaining the methods employed and 

 the materials used by them in the production of neutral oil. These gentlemen report 

 the result of their investigations at the above establishments as follows: 



" We found that, in the manufacture of oleomargarine, they (W. J. Moxley and 

 Braun & Fitts) used neutral oil of their own manufacture. They buy leaf lard at 

 the Union Stock Yards, usually from Armour & Co. and Swift & Co. and Nelson 

 Morris & Co., which leaf is taken to their factories, where it is put through the 

 various processes employed by other producers of neutral oil. Neither W. J. Moxley 

 nor Braun & Fitts are producers of oleo oil. Oleo oils are purchased by these firms 

 from Armour & Co., Swift & Co., and Nelson Morris at the stock yards. The 

 materials found at these establishments, which enter into the production of neutral 



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