206 ANIMAL PARASITES. 



this Tcenia from Echinococcus-vesicles dwelling in the human 

 subject, and not merely from those which occur in animals. A 

 first experiment, made in the year 1853, to breed Tamce from 

 Echinococcus-vesicles passed from the living human subject, was 

 unsuccessful, and I have unfortunately only the same report to 

 give of a second experiment made with vesicles passed from the 

 same individual. Dr. Zenker also was unsuccessful in a similar 

 administration. Pathological anatomists and hospital surgeons 

 may do what they can further, and should not omit to administer 

 such Echinococcus altricipariens io dogs. 



That the eggs and embryos must occur at some time or other 

 in the human body is a matter of course, but from their small 

 size they are overlooked, in the same way as those of the other 

 Tcenice, of which we have already treated. 



The Scolex = Echinococcus altricipariens, occurs not only in 

 man, but also, as Haubner and Creplin have proved, in the 

 larger domestic mammalia, especially the Herbivora. 1 The his- 

 tories of patients scattered in literature all belong to this form, 

 inasmuch as they refer partly to enclosed daughter-vesicles of 

 Echinococcus found on dissection in Echinococcus -sacs, partly to the 

 spontaneous passage of such daughter- vesicles through the urinary 

 passages, through the rectum, through the stomach in vomiting, 

 or through the lungs, and partly to a similar passage through the 

 punctures or incisions made for surgical purposes. From these, 

 however, we see how widely this species is diffused over the sur- 

 face of the earth, and we may also see from the accounts of 

 cases and dissections given by Schleissner, in his ' Nosography of 

 Iceland/ that this form not only occurs in Iceland, but that it 

 must be the predominant species there, and the one which makes 

 its appearance epidemically ; and Eschricht's observations made 

 on an Icelander also refer to this species. Dr. Thorstensolm's 

 case at Reikjavik, in Iceland, mentioned by Schleissner, refers to 

 this species no less than the majority of Schleissner's cases, of 

 which, however, one certainly belongs to Cysticercus tenuicollis, 

 as Eschricht has shown. 



To what a degree of endemic diffusion this species has arrived, 

 especially in Iceland, appears from the fact, that during his 

 residence in that island, Schleissner saw fifty-seven human 

 patients suffering from Echinococcus. In Iceland this disorder 



1 See also Huxley, in ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' on Echinoc. veterin. in liver of Zebra. 

 (Loc. Cit. ED.) 



