LINGUATULA CONSTBICTA. 9 



exudation) in the form of a larger, active vesicle, of the size of a 

 kreutzer. Once the animal had slipped out of its vesicle and 

 towards the duodenum. The tissue of the vesicle was elastic 

 and strong, analogous to the serous membranes. On cutting the 

 vesicle, the animal sprang easily out of it, and lived for five 

 hours in water. According to Primer, the animal, in its perfectly 

 extended state, is fully V long and %!" broad, cylindrical on the 

 back, flat on the ventral surface, obtuse in front and pointed 

 behind. Even with the naked eye, Pruner detected four pro- 

 trusible and retractile hooks, which, under the microscope, are of a 

 golden-yellow colour. The body was white, composed of rings, 

 and the intestine yellowish green. Oti the notches between 

 the segments, on the ventral surface, there were two rows 

 of openings (stigmata}. Moreover, Pruner saw, close to the in- 

 testine, two milky coils, on the left side in front, a projectile, 

 bipartite, cylindrical organ, and on the lower surface of the in- 

 testine a delicate white filament, none of which he knew exactly 

 what to make of. In the collection of Pathological Anatomy at 

 Bologna, also, Pruner found two similar parasites obtained from 

 the human liver. 



Bilharz repeatedly found the animal encysted iii the livers of 

 negroes. Here and there, under the coatings of the liver, he met 

 with capsules of the size of a grain of millet, which were filled 

 with calcareous contents, and only two (?) colossal hooks. Very 

 recently, Bilharz again found specimens of this parasite in 

 the liver of a negro, encysted in the liver, of which he sent one 

 capsule with the animal to Von Siebold. Its form and size agree 

 with Prunar's figure. The capsule is firmly amalgamated with 

 the parenchyma of the liver, consists of ligamentous tissue of its 

 host, and is attached so closely to the animal, that, as Pruner said, 

 the form of the animal is printed in it. The animal is at 

 the utmost ft" long and V" broad, as Pruner has represented 

 it ; it is cylindrical, with a sole in the middle of the 

 ventral side, conical behind, obtusely rounded off in front, 

 flattened from above downwards, separated from the trunk 

 by a neck-like constriction, and strongly ringed. Oil the 

 trunk the segments form broad bands, and are separated from 

 each other by strong constrictions. Anteriorly, the latter gradually 

 become smaller and shallower, but extend even up to the head. 

 Small warts make their appearance on the periphery of the head. 

 The hooks are similar, strong, not unlike the thorns of rose-bushes, 



