THE BEEF BREEDS OF CATTLE 235 



in Austria, and, within the last few years, hornless cattle 

 have been developed among the well-established horned 

 breeds, such as the Hereford, Jersey and Shorthorn, with 

 which the wearing of horns seemed to be a fixed trait. 

 Many words have been used to express this hornless con- 

 dition in cattle, and they are known variously as humblies 

 (humlies), muleys, doddies, hornless and polled. The 

 latter term has become most generally in use to designate 

 the Scotch hornless cattle. All of these words simply 

 mean " lacking horns." 



268. History in Scotland. In Scotland, two breeds 

 of such cattle have existed so long that history does not 

 record their origins. These are the Galloway, whose 

 habitat is the southwestern coast of Scotland, and the 

 Aberdeen-Angus, which had its origin in the northeastern 

 part of Scotland. It is somewhat difficult to describe 

 these breeds so that representatives of each may be 

 readily distinguished; both are hornless, both black and 

 both come from Scotland. Generally speaking, the 

 Galloways are much longer-haired, larger-boned, more 

 square-framed and somewhat slower-maturing, while the 

 Aberdeen-Angus are sleek-haired, small-boned, round in 

 the barrel and hind-quarters and early-maturing. 



The earliest attempt to improve the polled cattle of 

 the northeast of Scotland began in Angusshire, which is 

 now a part of Forfarshire, and was undertaken by the late 

 Hugh Watson of Keillor. His ancestors had been breeding 

 these cattle on the Keillor farm for more than two hundred 

 years when Hugh Watson began in 1805. Not many 

 years later, cattle-breeders in Aberdeenshire began im- 

 proving the same kind of cattle, and a considerable rivalry 

 sprang up between the different localities. According to 

 the location, the cattle were known as the Angus Doddies 



