THE FAT OR LARD BREEDS OF SWINE 417 



nearly erect, although in the larger strains and in aged 

 animals they frequently incline forward. They should 

 be well carried. The jowl is rather heavy, and the 

 neck short, usually carrying considerable crest. The 

 shoulder, back and rump are of good width, although 

 the back is probably not quite so broad as that of the 

 Poland-China. The ham is thickly meated, and is gener- 

 ally somewhat trimmer in appearance than that of the 

 Poland-China. The Berkshire generally has good depth 

 of body, and indications of a strong constitution. The 

 bone is of excellent quality 

 in the best specimens, and 

 the animal usually stands 

 well on its feet. The stand- 

 ard color is black, with a 

 white mark on the face, 

 white on each foot, and 



. . FIG. 85. Berkshire sow. 



white on the tip or the tail. 



Sometimes, some of these white markings are absent, and 

 sometimes white occurs on other parts of the body, such 

 as a white blotch on the jowl, on the shoulder or else- 

 where. The standard of excellence prepared by the 

 American Berkshire Association does not disqualify an 

 animal for defective markings, but in selecting breeding- 

 stock, some breeders shun animals too freely marked 

 with white. 



505. Types. The type of the Berkshires is affected by 

 the methods of individual breeders, and, to some extent, 

 by the market demands of the countries in which they are 

 bred. In the United States there was a tendency for 

 some time to breed a fine-boned, somewhat undersized 

 type, emphasizing smoothness and quality rather than 

 size. Fortunately, however, some of the leading American 



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