DR. J. R. CARDWKLL. 31 



Willamette Valley grows in all soils, and at altitudes as 

 high as the snow line, bearing a sweetish, pleasant tasting 

 berry about the size of our largest wild cherry; as yet it 

 has not been cultivated with us or much utilized. 



A black haw (Cratxgus Douglasii), not unlike the black 

 haw of the middle west, is sparsely found in some localities. 



Our one filbert, hazel nut (Corylus rostrata), is of the 

 same species as the imported nuts in our market, and 

 closely approximating in size, flavor, and quality, and 

 grows everywhere in our valleys, sometimes to a tree ten 

 inches in diameter and from eight to fifteen feet high. 

 No effort is recorded of any attempt to cultivate or im- 

 prove it. 



A kind of chinquapin chestnut (Castanopsis chryso- 

 phylla). is a symmetrical growing tree, fifty to one hundred 

 feet high, bearing abundantly a small, hardshell chestnut, 

 sweet and edible. 



It is not too much to say that all the valleys a.nd foot- 

 hills of Oregon are fruit lands, and abound in choice 

 spots for the different fruits cultivated in our climate. 



As perhaps, is always true in a new country, the fruits 

 of Willamette Valley were uniformly large and free from 

 insect pests or fungus blights, consequently made a super- 

 latively fine showing, stood handling and transportation 

 much better than the fruits of this valley to-day, kept 

 much longer and better ; in fact, our winter apples and 

 pears generally kept until late in the spring. I premise 

 that persistent and thorough spraying may correct the 

 present degenerate condition pests and blight. 



In those days it was not uncommon for Yellow New- 

 towns, Spitzenburgs, Winesap, American Pippin, and the 

 Easter Buerre pear, to keep well, sometimes marketable as 

 late as April and May. The Winesap was then a fine 

 keeper, as was also the Winter Nellis and Easter Buerre. 



We have always had the reputation of growing the 



