DR. J. R. CARDWELL. 13 



been set out all over the fertile valleys and hillsides, were 

 now coming into bearing ; thus her local market was sup- 

 plied because she was an exporter. 



The business decreased from 1860 until 1870. Only a 

 few boxes per steamer of the late winter varieties were 

 sent. These were the Yellow Newtown Pippin, Winesap, 

 Red Cheek Pippin, Genet, and Red Romanite, which, 

 grown in our cooler climate, kept until the California va- 

 rieties were gone. This marks the decadence of the fruit 

 industry in Oregon. California sent us apples, pears, 

 cherries, plums, prunes, apricots, grapes, arid berrries a 

 month or two earlier than we could produce them ; and 

 with them came many of the insect pests which she had 

 imported from Australia and the Eastern States, which 

 hitherto had been unknown to us. In our isolation we 

 had no outlet by rail or water for our surplus products. 

 Transportation, such as we had, was enormously expen- 

 sive. We could not even ship dried fruits. Our elegant 

 orchards were neglected and the fruit allowed to fall to the 

 ground and decay, thus furnishing breeding grounds for 

 the green and woolly "aphis" and the "codlin moth." 



To recapitulate : the establishment of orchards in Cali- 

 fornia ; the fall of prices to something like a normal stand- 

 ard ; over-production, perhaps, on our part at any rate the 

 lack of demand at remunerative prices for the fruits 

 peculiar to this section led to carelessness on the part of 

 growers, neglect of the most ordinary precautions, inatten- 

 tion and wastefulness, which resulted not only in sponta- 

 neous breeding of insect pests, but also to such conditions 

 of ground and trees that made them favorable to the im- 

 measurably rapid propagation of them, when the estab- 

 lishment of communication with infected points made 

 their introduction not only possible but certain. The 

 natural result of this much-to-be-deplored condition of 

 affairs is too well known to need elaboration. In this 



