INDUSTRIAL DEVELOrMENT. 15 



minor transactions between man and man which are not reg 

 ulated by civil and religious law. Moreover it is to be ob 

 served that this ever increasing heterogeneity in the gov 

 ernmental appliances of each nation, has been accompanied 

 by an increasing heterogeneity in the governmental appli 

 ances of different nations ; all of which are more or less 

 unlike in their political systems and legislation, in their 

 creeds and religious institutions, in their customs and cere 

 monial usages. 



Simultaneously there has been going on a second dif 

 ferentiation of a more familiar kind ; that, namely, by 

 which the mass of the community has been segregated into 

 distinct classes and orders of workers. While the govern 

 ing part has undergone the complex development above 

 detailed, the governed part has undergone an equally com 

 plex development, which has resulted in that minute divis 

 ion of labour characterizing advanced nations. It is need 

 less to trace out this progress from its first stages, up 

 through the caste divisions of the East and the incorporat 

 ed guilds of Europe, to the elaborate producing and dis 

 tributing organization existing among ourselves. Political 

 economists have long since described the evolution which, 

 beginning with a tribe whose members severally perform 

 the same actions each for himself, ends with a civilized com 

 munity whose members severally perform different actions 

 for each other ; and they have further pointed out the 

 changes through which the solitary producer of a hy one 

 commodity is transformed into a combination of producers 

 who, united under a master, take separate parts in the man 

 ufacture of such commodity. But there are yet other and 

 higher phases of this advance from the homogeneous to the 

 heterogeneous in the industrial organization of society. 



Long after considerable progress hasbeen made in the di 

 vision of labour among different classes of workers, there 

 is it ill little or no division of labour among the widely sep- 



