MULTIPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS.. 53 



change. Bronze soon, replaces stone, not only in the arti 

 cles it was first used for, but in many others in arms, tools, 

 and utensils of various kinds ; and so affects the manufac 

 ture of these things. Further, it affects the processes 

 which these utensils subserve, and the resulting products 

 modifies buildings, carvings, dress, personal decorations 

 5Tct again, it sets going sundry manufactures which wero 

 before impossible, from lack of a material fit for the requi 

 site tools. And all these changes react on the people in 

 crease their manipulative skill, their intelligence, their com 

 fort, refine their habits and tastes. Thus the evolution of 

 a homogeneous society into a heterogeneous one, is clearly 

 consequent on the general principle, that many effects are 

 produced by one cause. 



Our limits will not allow us to follow out this process in 

 its higher complications : else might we show how the lo 

 calization of special industries in special parts of a king 

 dom, as well as the minute subdivision of labour in the 

 making of each commodity, are similarly determined. Or, 

 turning to a somewhat different order of illustrations, we 

 might dwell on the multitudinous changes material, intel 

 lectual, moral, caused by printing ; or the further exten 

 sive series of changes wrought by gunpowder. But leaving 

 the intermediate phases of social development, let us take 

 a few illustrations from its most recent and its passing pha 

 ses. To trace the effects of steam-power, in its manifold 

 applications to mining, navigation, and manufactures of all 

 kinds, would carry us into unmanageable detail. Let us 

 confine ourselves to the latest embodiment of steam-power 

 the locomotive engine. 



This, as the proximate cause of our railway system, has 

 changed the face of the country, the course of trade, and 

 the habits of the people. Consider, first, the complicated 

 sets of changes that precede the making of every railway 

 the provisional arrangements, the meetings, the registra- 



