EMOTIONS EXPRESSED BY PITCH. 217 



tonishmcnt or delight, begins several notes below the mid 

 die voice, and descends still lower. Anger expresses it 

 self in high tones, or else in &quot; curses not loud but deep.&quot; 

 Deep tones, too, are always used in uttering strong re 

 proaches. Such an exclamation as &quot; Beware ! &quot; if made 

 dramatically that is, if made with a show of feeling 

 must be many notes lower than ordinary. Further, we 

 have groans of disapprobation, groans of horror, groans 

 of remorse. And extreme joy and fear are alike accompa 

 nied by shrill outcries. 



Nearly allied to the subject of pitch, is that of inter 

 vals j and the explanation of them carries our argument a 

 step further. While calm speech is comparatively monot 

 onous, emotion makes use of fifths, octaves, and even wider 

 intervals. Listen to any one narrating or repeating some 

 thing in which he has no interest, and his voice will not 

 wander more than two or three notes above or below his 

 medium note, and that by small steps ; but when he comes 

 to some exciting event he will be heard not only to use the 

 higher and lower notes of his register, but to go from one to 

 the other by larger leaps. Being unable in print to imitate 

 these traits of feeling, we feel some difficulty in fully real 

 izing them to the reader. But we may suggest a few re 

 membrances which will porhaps call to mind a sufficiency 

 of others. If two men living in the same place, and fre 

 quently seeing one another, meet, say at a public assembly, 

 any phrase with which one may be heard to accost the 

 other as &quot; Hallo, are you here ? &quot; will have an ordinary 

 intonation. But if one of them, after long absence, has 

 unexpectedly returned, the expression of surprise with 

 which his friend may greet him &quot; Hallo ! how came you 

 here ? &quot; will be uttered in much more strongly contrasted 

 tones. The two syllables of the word &quot; Hallo &quot; will be, 

 the one much higher and the other much lower than be- 



