2 ( J6 BAIN ON THE EMOTIONS AND THE WILL. 



the history of classification is also to be noted. Very fre 

 quently the kinship of an organism cannot be made out 

 even by exhaustive analysis, if that analysis is confined to 

 the adult structure. In many cases it is needful to ex 

 amine the structure in its earlier stages ; and even in its 

 embryonic stage. So difficult was it, for instance, to de 

 termine the true position of the Cirrhipedia among animals, 

 by examining mature individuals only, that Cuvier errone 

 ously classed them with Mollusca, even after dissecting 

 them ; and not until their early forms were discovered, 

 were they clearly proved to belong to the Crustacea. So 

 important, indeed, is the study of development as a means 

 to classification, that the first zoologists now hold it to bo 

 the only absolute criterion. 



Here, then, in the advance of natural-history-classifica 

 tion, are two fundamental facts, which should be borne in 

 mind when classifying the emotions. If, as Mr. Bain right 

 ly assumes, the emotions arc to be grouped after the natu 

 ral-history-method ; then it should be the natural history- 

 method in its complete form, and not in its rude form. 

 Mr. Bain will doubtless agree in the position, that a cor 

 rect account of the emotions in their natures and relations, 

 must correspond with a correct account of the nervous 

 system must form another side of the same ultimate facts. 

 Structure and function must necessarily harmonize. Struc 

 tures which have with each other certain ultimate connex 

 ions, must have functions that have answering connexions. 

 Structures that have arisen in certain ways, must have func 

 tions that have arisen in parallel ways. And hence if anal 

 ysis and development are needful for the right interpreta 

 tion of structures, they must be needful for the right inter 

 pretation of functions. Just as a scientific description of 

 the digestive organs, must include not only their obvious 

 forms and connexions, but their microscopic characters, 

 ai.1 also the wiys in which they severally result by differ 



