THEORIES OF PLATO ASD IIOBBES. 377 



rcspondenoe between the parts of a society and the faculties 

 of the human mind. Classifying these faculties under the 

 heads of Reason, &quot;Will, and Passion, he classifies the mem 

 bers of his ideal society under what he regards as three 

 analogous heads : councillors, who are to exercise govern 

 ment; military or executive, who are to fulfil their behests; 

 and the commonalty, bent on gain and selfish gratification. 

 In other words, the ruler, the warrior, and the craftsman, 

 are, according to him, the analogues of our reflective, voli 

 tional, and emotional powers. ~Now even were there truth 

 in the implied assumption of a parallelism between the 

 structure of a society and that of a man, this classification 

 would be indefensible. It might more truly be contended 

 that, as the military power obeys the commands of the 

 Government, it is the Government which answers to the 

 Will ; while the military power is simply an agency set in 

 motion by it. Or, again, it might be contended that; 

 whereas the AVill is a product of predominant desires, to 

 which the Reason serves merely as an eye, it is the crafts 

 men, who, according to the alleged analogy, ought to be 

 the moving power of the warriors. 



Hobbes sought to establish a still more definite parallel 

 ism : not, however between a society and the human mind, 

 but between a society and the human body. In the intro 

 duction to the work in which he dcvelopes this conception, 

 lie says 



&quot; For by art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COM 

 MONWEALTH, or STATE, in Latin CIYITAS, winch is but an artificial 

 man ; though of greater stature and strength than the natural, 

 for whose protection and defence it was intended, and in which 

 the sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion to 

 the whole body; the magistrates and other officers of judica 

 ture and execution, artificial joints ; reward and punishment, by 

 which, fastened to the seat of tho sovereignty, every joint and 

 member is moved to perform his duty, are tho nerves, that do 



