ANALOGOUS DISTBIBUTION OF MECHANISMS. 395 



ting apparatus of a living body ; not only in its functions, 

 but in ils intermediate origin and subsequent position, and 

 in the time of its appearance. 



Without enumerating the minor differentiations which 

 these three great classes afterwards undergo, we will 

 merely note that throughout, they follow the same general 

 law with the differentiations of an individual organism. In 



O 



a society, as in a rudimentary animal, we have seen that the 

 most general and broadly contrasted divisions are the first 

 to make their appearance ; and of the subdivisions it con 

 tinues true in both cases, that they arise in the order of de 

 creasing generality. 



o o / 



Let us observe next, that in the one case as in the oth 

 er, the specializations are at first very incomplete ; and be 

 come more complete as organization progresses. We saw 

 that in primitive tribes, as in the simplest animals, there 

 remains much community of function between the parts 

 that arc nominally different that, for instance, the class of 

 chiefs long remain industrially the same as the inferior 

 class ; just as in a Hydra, the property of contractility is 

 possessed by the units of the endoderm as well as by those 

 of the ectoderm. We noted also how, as the society ad 

 vanced, the two great primitive classes partook less and 

 less of each other s functions. And M r c have here to re 

 mark, that all subsequent specializations are at first vague, 

 and gradually become distinct. &quot; In the infancy of socie 

 ty,&quot; says 31. Guizot, &quot; everything is confused and uncer 

 tain ; there is as yet no fixed and precise line of demarca 

 tion between the different powers in a state.&quot; &quot; Origi 

 nally kings lived like other landowners, on the incomes de 

 rived from their own private estates.&quot; Nobles were petty 

 kings ; and kings only the most powerful nobles. Bishops 

 were feudal lords and military leaders. The right of coin 

 ing money was possessed by powerful subjects, and by the 

 Church, as well as by the king. Every leading man exer- 



