tOO THE SOCIAL ORGANISM. 



up a 7/y&amp;lt;7m, permeate llio juices absorbed from tlic food. 

 There is no apparatus for elaborating a concentrated and 

 purified nutriment, and distributing it among the compo 

 nent units; but these component units directly imbibe the 

 unprepared nutriment, cither from the digestive cavity or 

 from each other. ]\Iay we not say that this is what takes 

 place in an aboriginal tribe? All its members severally 

 obtain for themselves the necessaries of life in their crude 

 stales; and severally prepare them for their own uses as 

 well as they can. When there arises a decided differentia- 

 tiou between the governing and the governed, some 

 amount of transfer begins between those inferior indi 

 vidual^, who, as workers, come directly in contact with the 

 products of the earth, and those superior ones who exer 

 cise the higher functions a transfer parallel to that which 

 accompanies the differentiation of the ectoderm from the 

 endoderm. In tUe one ca-ie, as in the other, however, it 

 is a transfer of products that are little if at all prepared ; 

 and takes place directly from the unit which obtains to 

 the unit which consumes, without elite-ring into any general 

 current. 



Passing to larger organisms individual and social we 

 find the first advance upon this arrangement. Where, as 

 among the compound Jfydrnzmt, there is an aggregation 

 of many such primitive groups as form Jf&amp;gt;/&amp;lt;/r&amp;lt;f ; or where, 

 as in a JA &amp;lt;7^w, one of these groups lias become of great 

 Ki/e ; there exist rude channels runnin&amp;lt;_j throughout the 

 substance of the body : not however, channels for the con 

 veyance of prepared nutriment, but mere prolongations of 

 the digestive cavity, through which the crude chyle-aque 

 ous fluid reaches the remoter parts and is moved back 

 wards and forwards by the creature s contraction*. Do we 

 not find in some of the more advanced primitive communi 

 ties, an analogous condition ? When the men, partially or 

 fully united into one society, become numerou* when, as 



