DIFFEEENTIATION OF THE DIRECTIVE FUNCTIONS. 409 



tribe, the strongest and most daring man, the tendency is 

 for him to become the man of greatest cunning, foresight, 

 and skill in the management of others ; for in societies that 

 have advanced beyond the first stage, it is chiefly such 

 qualities that insure success in gaining supreme power, and 

 holding it against internal and external enemies. Thus that 

 member of the governing class who comes to be the chief 

 directing agent, and so plays the same part that a rudimen 

 tary nervous centre does in an unfolding organism, is usu 

 ally one endowed with some superiorities of nervous organ 

 ization. 



In those somewhat larger and more complex communi 

 ties possessing, perhaps, a separate military class, a priest 

 hood, and dispersed masses of population requiring local 

 control, there necessarily grow up subordinate governing 

 agents ; who as their duties accumulate, severally become 

 more directive and less executive in their characters. 

 And when, as commonly happens, the king begins to 

 collect round himself advisers who aid him by commun 

 icating information, preparing subjects for his judgment, 

 and issuing his orders ; we may say that the form of 

 organization is comparable to one very general among 

 inferior types of animals, in which there exists a chief 

 ganglion with a few dispersed minor ganglia under its 

 control. 



The analogies between the evolution of governmental 

 structures in societies, and the evolution of governmental 

 structures in living bodies, arc, however, more strikingly 

 displayed during the formation of nations by the coales 

 cence of small communities a process already shown to 

 be, in several respects, parallel to the development of those 

 creatures that primarily consist of many like segments. 

 Among other points of community between the successive 

 rings which make up the body in the lower Articulata, is 

 the possession of similar pairs of ganglia. These pairs of 



