INTELLIGENCE AND MORALS 53 



sponsibility for justifying the worst defects of 

 barbarian Europe by showing their necessary con 

 nection with divine reason. 



The division of mankind into the two camps of 

 the redeemed and the condemned had not needed 

 philosophy to produce it. But the Greek cleavage 

 of men into separate kinds on the basis of their 

 position within or without the city-state was used 

 to rationalize this harsh intolerance. The hier 

 archic organization of feudalism, within church 

 and state, of those possessed of sacred rule and 

 those whose sole excellence was obedience, did not 

 require moral theory to generate or explain it. 

 But it took philosophy to furnish the intellectual 

 tools by which such chance episodes were emblaz 

 oned upon the cosmic heavens as a grandiose 

 spiritual achievement. No ; it is all too easy to 

 explain bitter intolerance and desire for domina 

 tion. Stubborn as they are, it was only when 

 Greek moral theory had put underneath them the 

 distinction between the irrational and the rational, 

 between divine truth and good and corrupt and 

 weak human appetite, that intolerance on system 

 and earthly domination for the sake of eternal 

 excellence were philosophically sanctioned. The 

 healtli and welfare of the body and the securing 

 for all of a sure and a prosperous Jivelilipod 

 were not matters for which medieval conditions fos 

 tered care in any case. But moral philosophy 



